Automatic Metadata Harvesting From Digital Content

Automatic Meta information Harvesting From Digital nationalMR. RUSHABH D. DOSHI,MR. GIRISH H MULCHANDANIAbstract Metadata extraction is one of the predominant research field in education retrieval. Metadata is employ to references information resources. Most metadata survival of the fittestion formations atomic number 18 still tender-hearted intensive since they petition expert decision to certify relevant metadata but this is time consuming. However smart metadata extraction techniques ar developed but intimatelyly works with structured format. We proposed a unexampled approach to increase metadata from instrument using human language technology. As NLP stands for essential Language Processing work on natural language that human apply in day today life.KeywordsMetadata, decline, NLP, GrammarsI. IntroductionMetadata is data that describes some(a) other data Metadata describes an information resource, or helps provide access to an information resource. A disposit ion of such metadata elements may describe one or legion(predicate) information resources. For example, a library catalogue record is a collection of metadata elements, linked to the book or other item in the library collection through the call number. Information stored in the META field of an hypertext markup language Web page is metadata, associated with the information resource by being embed within it.The key purpose of metadata is to facilitate and improve the retrieval of information. At library, college, Metadata can be utilize to achieve this by let oning the different characteristics of the information resource the author, subject, title, publisher and so on. Various metadata harvesting techniques is developed to extract the data from digital libraries.NLP is a field of computer science, bionic intelligence and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages. As such, NLP is related to the area of human computer interaction . Recent research has much and more foc procedured on unsupervised andsemi-supervised stoping algorithms. Such algorithms are able to learn from data that has not beenhand-annotatedwith the desired answers, or using a faction of annotated andnon-annotateddata. The goal of NLP evaluation is to measure one or more qualities of an algorithm or a system, in order to de termine whether (or to what extent) the system answers the goals of its designers, or meets the needs of its users.II. MethodIn this paper we proposed automatic metadata harvesting algorithm using natural language (i.e. humans used in day today works). Our technique is overtop establish. So it does not require any watching data go under for it.We harvest metadata ground on face Grammar Terms. We identify the possible flock of metadata then calculate their frequency then foundering slant term based on their position or format that apply to it.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The next section recapi tulation some related work regarding to metadata harvesting from digital content. Section gives the comminuted description of proposed head presented here. At last paper is concluded with summary.III. related WorkExisting Metadata harvesting techniques are either machine study method or ruled based methods. . In machine eruditeness method set of predefined template that contains dataset are given to machine to train machine. Then machine is used to harvest metadata from document based on that dataset. While in rule based method most of techniques set ruled that are used to harvest metadata from documents.In machine instruction approach extracted keywords are given to the machine from training documents to learn specialized models then that model are applied to new documents to extract keyword from them.Many techniques used machine learning approach such as automatic document metadata extraction using support vector machine .In rule based techniques some predefined rules are gi ven to machine based on that machine harvest metadata from documents. Positions of word in document, specific keyword are used as category of document and etc. are examples rules that are set in various metadata harvest techniques. In some case Metadata assortment is based on document types (e.g. purchase order, sales report etc.) and data context (e.g. customer name, order date etc.) 1.Other statistical methods implicate word frequency 2, TF*IDF 3, wordco-occurrences4. Later on some techniques are used to harvest key wording based on TF*PDF 5. Other techniques use TDT (Topic Detection and Tracking) with aging theory to harvest metadata from news website 6. any(prenominal) techniques used DDC/RDF editor to define and harvest metadata from document and validate by thirds parties 7. Several models are developed to harvest metadata from corpus. Now days most of techniques used models that all are depends on corpus.IV. Proposed TheoryOur approach cogitate on harvesting a metadata f rom document based on English grammar. English grammar has many categories which categorized the word in statement. Grammar categories such as NOUN,VERB, ADJECTIVES, ADVERB, NOUN PHRASE, VERB PHRASE etc. each and every grammar category has a precedency in statement. So our approaches to extract bring out the Metadata extraction based on its priority in grammar. Priority in grammar component is as follows noun, verb, adjective, adverb, noun phraseV. Proposed IdeaFigure-1Proposed System ArchitectureInfigure-1we give proposed system architecture. In this architecture we does not stick steps in any order.ArticlePre-processingarticlepre-processingwhich remove conflicting contents (i.e. tags,header-footerdetails etc.) from documents.POS TaggersAPart-Of-SpeechTagger (POS Tagger) is a piece of software that reads text in some languages and assigns parts of speech to each word (and other token), such as noun, verb, adjective, etc.StemmingIn most cases, morphological variants of words have corresponding semantic interpretations can be considered as equivalent for the purpose of IR applications. For this reason, a number ofso-calledstemming Algorithms, or stemmers, have been developed, which attempt to reduce a word to its stem or root form.Calculate frequencyhither each termed frequency is calculated i.e. how many occurrence of each term in document.Identify Suitable MetadataNow metadata is extracted from word set based on their frequency, grammar and their positions.VI. Experiments ResultsIn this study we take a corpus with light speed documents. Documents contain the news article about various categories. Here we prototypal extract the metadata manually from each every documents. Then apply our idea to corpus. We measure our result from following parameter.Precision = No of terms place in good order by the system / Top N terms out of total terms generated by the system. Recall = Number of keyterms identified correctly by the system / Number of keyterms identi fied by the authors.F-measure=F=2* ((precision* recall)/ ( precision+ recall))Table1 Evaluation ResultsVII. Conclusion Future WorksThis method based on grammar component Our Aim to use this algorithm to identifying metadata inbigram, trigram tetra gram. This metadata helps us to generate summary of documents.References1 Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar, Raghavan, Hinrich Schtze An Introduction to Information Retrieval book.2 H. P. Luhn. A statistical Approach to Mechanized Encoding and Searching of Literary Information. IBM Journal of inquiry and Development, 1957, 1(4)309-317.3 G. Salton, C. S. Yang, C. T. Yu. A Theory of Term Importance in Automatic text Analysis, Journal of the C.Zhang et al American society for Information Science, 1975, 26(1)33-44.4 Y. Matsuo, M. Ishizuka. Keyword line of descent from a Single Document Using WordCo-ocuurrenceStatistical Information. International Journal on cardboard Intelligence Tools, 2004, 13(1)157-169.5 Yan Gao Jin Liu, Peixun Ma The H OT keyphrase blood line based on TF*PDF, IEEE conference, 2011.6 Canhui Wang, hour Zhang, Liyun Ru, Shaoping Ma An Automatic Online News Topic Keyphrase Extraction System,IEEE conference, 2006.7 Nor Adnan Yahaya, Rosiza Buang Automated Metadata Extraction from web sources, IEEE conference, 2006.8 Somchai Chatvienchai Automatic metadata extraction classi_cation of spreadsheet Documents based on layout similarities, IEEE conference, 2005.9 Dr. Jyoti Pareek, Sonal Jain KeyPhrase Extraction tool (KET) for semantic metadata annotation of Learning Materials, IEEE conference, 2009.10 Wan Malini Wan Isa, Jamaliah Abdul Hamid, Hamidah Ibrahim, Rusli Abdullah, Mohd. Hasan Selamat, Muhamad Tau_k Abdullah and Nurul Amelina Nasharuddin Metadata Extraction with Cue Model.11 Zhixin Guo, Hai Jin ARule-basedFramework of Metadata Extraction from Scienti_c Papers, IEEE conference.12 Ernesto Giralt Hernndez, Joan Marc Piulachs Application of the Dublin Core format for automatic metadata generation an d extraction,DC-2005Proc. International Conference. on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications.13 Canhui Wang, Min Zhang, Liyun Ru, Shaoping Ma An Automatic Online News Topic Keyphrase Extraction System, IEEE conference.14 Srinivas Vadrevu, Saravanakumar Nagarajan, Fatih Gelgi, Hasan Davulcu Automated Metadata and Instance Extraction from News Web Sites,IEEE conference.

Should An MNC Reduce Its Ethical Standards?

Should An MNC Reduce Its Ethical Standards?Ethical Standards atomic number 18 divers(prenominal) for every region. Any business that goes worldwideistic has to comply with the rules and regulation of that land in context to the norms of the business laws. This is where the need of ethics comes into picture where an MNC has to resolve whether to fol disordered its own ethics while continuing its business activities or to un honourablely compete with other(a) business within the country. In sight to arrive to a decision what a telephoner should do we should send-off know the meanings of few terminologies as discussed below.What is the definition of MNC?MNC is a phoner which has grow internationally with a reason to grow. MNC is built to execute maximum wealthiness for the sh ar holders.There be three key theories which justify humankind of an MNC.Comparative returnsEach country should hire its comparative advantage to specialize in its intersection pointion.It shoul d also rely on other countries to bear upon other needs.Imperfect martsMNC should make use of the resources in imperfect market to specialize in their crossroads.Imperfect markets make the factors of proceeds immobile and it is the of import cause of encouragement for the countries to specialize.The Product cycleEvery MNC has a menage country and the product cycle suggests that it should expand to foreign countries.MNC entrust non have any problem it its oversight is tempted to achieve the goal of maximizing the wealth of share holders, non of their own.MNC and multinational CompetenceInternational switch is the most common rule by which trustworthys conduct international business. separate methods are licensing, franchising, enounce ventures, acquisitions of foreign unfalterings, and formation of foreign subsidiaries. Each method has its margin of profit and needs little or more(prenominal) with child(p) investment. For example, licensing and franchising require little swell investment but lurch roughly of the profit to other crackies. While, acquisitions of foreign firms and formation of foreign subsidiaries require stiff capital investments but offer the potential for large returns.Ethical Standards and International CompetenceAn MNC should reduce its Ethical Standards to compete internationally. The main reason organism every foreign country has a different ethical standards and an MNC which does not reduce its own Ethical Standard in that county, those activities and standards exit be viewed in an unethical way. This is a biggest disadvantage to an MNC and it will not be able to compete in that country.As discussed earlier, the MNCs expand internationally to grow, to corroborate and earn profit, maximize wealth of the share holders. If it maintains a standard principle of ethics according to the foreign country, it will be able to achieve these goals. If it is stuck to its own standard code of Ethics of the Home Country, then th ey will fail and diminish.If an MNC reduces it Ethical standards, then this will helper it in critical economic conditions of a particular country. It will also help it to confirmation afloat when the hard inter wobble flow is walk outed and returns are decreased.The valuation theoretical account of the MNC shows that the MNC valuation is favorably affected when its foreign funds flows increase, the currencies dominating those cash inflows increase, or the MNCs equivalent rate of return decreases. Certain political conditions, rack from upper management affect the valuation of an MNC.Below are other factors which play part for an MNC to grow internationally.Problems due to malfunction in management switch Rate movementsRisks of investments in foreign companiesPolitical Risks of a countryCentralized or De-centralized approach in decision making worldwide CompetitionJoint Venture restrictions and limitationsImpact of Global warming, terrorism and advisecel calamitiesUncerta inties in the market allow go deep down on each of the factors and find out how to reduce ethical standards in international competence.Agency ProblemsThe main goal of any MNC is to strengthen the wealth of portion holders. If managers start fulfilling their own touch ons instead of those share holders then the MNC will be in trouble. The Ethical Standard should be able to balance the addition of management and public.Exchange Rate MovementsA U.S. found firm operating(a) in Asia and/or Europe has to balance its capital according to its gross revenue and production in foreign country. The inflow and outflow of the cash and capital is affected by Exchange Rate decrease and increase. It is also a deciding factor for investment in the foreign countries. MNC should pay solicitude and be up to date with FOREX. Agency costs are larger for MNC than a domestic firm.Imperfect MarketsIf perfect market exists, then allowance, prices, and interest rates will be similar for the countries. There will not be any major private-enterprise(a) areas of products. But, the markets are imperfect and that pass to increase subsidiaries in the foreign countries.International OpportunitiesAnother factor of return for an MNC is to buy foreign firms with similar interest, area and product. Licensing will also help grow the MNC. With a nonageder investment or buying a stake in established political party venture, gives opportunity to grow in foreign market.InternetNow a days wide use of Internet is one of the major factors for any MNC to be recognized world(prenominal)ly. Marketing, advertising, blogs and networking are the key usages of internet. Internet will result in more international business and MNC is touching the World Wide Web.RisksThere are mingled jeopardizes involved in investment, buying, licensing of foreign firms. Political risks also affect equally. Exchange rate movements, coin depreciation, stock market also affect the offshoot of the MNC. Every business has many types of risks, but overcoming them by finding alternatives in other areas is the way to go.Joint VentureJoint venture is a bigger factor of harvest-time for an MNC. A major production company in one country cease have a joint venture with a biggest supplier of the same or a identical product in another country. Both of them crapper utilize the cede conduct and monetary requirements and privy grow together. A largest wine making company in U.S. give the sack have a joint venture with a largest brewery in China. The U.S. company base leverage the brewerys established channels and distribute wine in a big number throughout the country. It can utilize brewery of Chinese company, make wine and sell it locally. In addition, the U.S. company pass ons information to the brewery about the wine market of U.S. Thus, joint venture enables growth of MNC in international business and competence.Global CompetitionAn MNC having a exchangeable product in the market has to compet e more internationally, because the product valuation, pricing, statistical distribution and specifications are same all over the globe. That MNC should add more to its product categories or line of products to win the competition. It can also provide prepossessing benefits to firms and pricing or discounts to customers.Valuation of an MNCAll the factors we discussed above can affect either positively or negatively to the value of an MNC. A U.S. based MNCs value can be declined due to political risk in the foreign country even though its cash flow is intact. Similarly, An Indian firms value will be increased due to demand and supply in the foreign country and exchange rate movements. In this case, its valuation depends on four factorsExpected cash flows in RupeesThis is the outward cash flows from the company to meet the needs of the foreign markets demand.It needs to flow the cash within itself to employ more people, buy more machinery for production and more logisticsExpected cas h flows in Dollars that are ultimately converted into RupeesThis is private cash flows as orders, profits and investments from the foreign countryThis also includes merchandising of any part of the company to foreign buyersThe rate at which it can convert into RupeesThis is FOREX, currency remittances which will be fluctuating according to global marketIts weighted average cost of capitalThis includes acquisitions, mergers, sold-bought assets and stock determineWise things can be done to increase the value of the MNC, to keep up in the international competition. One of them would be to sell of a part of the foreign venture which is riskier. Other would be to buy licensing of the foreign firm which has same or lesser risk.MNC should be reducing its ethical standards on supply chain management as well. It can distribute its small amount of product or logistics thru a cheaper medium in foreign country rather than being responsible on itself. Markets with standardized currencies, lik e Euros, are a good choice in regards to this. A U.S. MNC can import a smaller amount of supply from a German company with lower rates in Euros and discontinue relations with U.S. supplier. magnification in International BusinessAn MNC which manufactures auto parts at warlike rates and provides little lesser wages to its employees can guarantee strain security to them. But, it should also think of expansion to cheap manufacturing foreign countries. Let us discuss some factors on why to expandThe MNC should distribute the foreign country wisely, taking local competition in that country, production of the same auto parts in that country and general wages structure of that country. It is completely smart to expand in the country if there is not much competition in manufacturing parts and employing cheap fag out. This is competitive advantage.The MNC can leverage the imperfect market theory here. It cannot export the labor from its understructure country, but can establish a subsi diary in the foreign country and meet it needs.With a strong establishment in the home country for the parts it manufactures, the MNC can easily expand and contain in the foreign country. This is product cycle theory.The MNC must choose the low currency country to expand as it can build a strong base in the foreign country. E.g. Dollar-Peso, Euro-Dollar, Dollar-Rs. It will be the beat time to expand when the currency of the foreign country is weakened. This way it can exchange more amounts in foreign currency and invest more. This can also create an Exchange Rate movement risk.The political risk is also involved in expansion as to how stable are the political conditions of the foreign country to grow with.The MNC can hire a consultant to decide whether it should expand or not and the consultant will look into above major factors when trying to give them the answer.Time and UncertaintiesIt has been observe that the US currency has weakened in the past few old age with comparison to Australia, Mexico, etc. An MNC expanding its business in foreign countries can be affected by the foreign investors decisions because of these uncertainties.For example, Google is expanding its services to China, African countries, Australia, etc. It has cash outflows associated with the creation, marketing, resources and administration of each of its services. It also generated cash inflows from selling space on its websites, advertising and media related applications. Each application has its own flow in different currency. Thus, the valuation of Google is based on its conversion of each countrys currency to the Dollars. And if the investors see that the Dollar is weakening day by day, they can change their mind to other application providers on the web. Valuation of the MNC is affected by these factors.ConclusionAn MNC has to reduce its ethical standards based on the above factors in various ways. This includes its employer-employee relationships, venture relationships, politi cal and economical relationships and various local conditions of the home as well as the foreign country.When a U.S. based MNC competes in some countries, it may encounter some business norms there that are not allowed in the United States. When competing with a Government contract, firms might provide payoffs to the government officials who will make the decision. Yet, in the United States, a firm will sometimes take a client on an expensive golf outing or provide skybox tickets to events. This is no different than a payoff. If the payoffs are bigger in some of the foreign countries, then MNC can compete by matching the payoff provided by its competitors. Thus, reducing ethical standards on major factors, the MNC can sustain in international competition.

Globalization Theory on Welfare Provision

sphericalization Theory on Welf atomic number 18 Provisionglobalization theory implies that the republic has piddling autonomy in organizing its well-being formulation. Evaluate this affirmment, referring to at least two upbeat regimes.At first glance this put upment appears to be true when utilise to the public assistance disk operating systems of both Germany and Sweden. For nearly a century the Swedish wellbeing system of rules was the realisms pre-eminent example of the accessible- participatory mystify of benefit provision likewise Germanys offbeat regime was a untainted exemplify of the Conservative pattern. Yet in the late 1980s and early 1990s both posers were aggressively assailed by serious frugal difficulties. These difficulties consider been attributed to the personal effects of globalisation and they have been cited as grounds that idiosyncratic and distinctive field of study eudaimonia schemes can non resist world economic and social forces. Economic distinguish appears to uphold this statement. Swedens unemployment figures rose for instance from less that 1% in the late 1980s to over 12.5% in 1993. In Germany workers contributed 26% of their income to benefit in 1970 and over 40% by 1990. Faced with much(prenominal) figures Swedish and German governments have felt massive pressure to cut spikelet on systems of benefits that their accustomed citizens have deemed essential for much than fifty years. Authors such(prenominal) as Esping Anderson argue however that at least in the fibre of Sweden and other social-democracies the present economic difficulties of these systems are temporary phenomenon made more severe by a combination of unfortunate events in the world economy in the 1990s. These pressures are ephemeral and when they pass away it impart be possible to maintain the universal proposition level of benefit guaranteed by the social-democratic model. Less optimism can be expressed for the German model w hich organisations the commodious difficulties with its ageing population, rising tax-burdens and assimilation of East Germany.The precondition globalisation has bring to pass something of a bloated monster with many different heads each meaning for the mickle who use them slightly or considerably different things from the others. Even a casual glance at the literature will show that the term is associated with the spread of each of the following inter studyization, liberalization, universalization, westernization, modernization or deterritorialization (Held, 1999). There is little space in this essay to discuss these terms in depth, and so it is best here to give a consensus definition that draws from each of them. When referred to welfare regimes globalization signifies an economic and social compression and condensing of the world whereby financial and social interaction between states is intensified. The human being Bank for example defines globalization as the Freedom a nd ability of exclusives and firms to initiate voluntary economic minutes with residents of other countries1. Globalization means that there is a greater geological period of commodities and influence across the borders of countries. Economically, this means that free trade, migration, capital and technology have a far greater power to influence singular states and nations than they had before. theme economies and institutions (such as welfare systems) are more susceptible to international pressures and are often forced to conform or modify themselves so as to be competitive with these general trends. In social terms, globalization imposes upon individual nations the need to conform to international attitudes, for instance, towards the rights of women. Acceptance of such impositions often requires well-grounded changes to the structure of traditional national institutions or ways of life. Authors on globalization have been equally vociferous in their assume and condemnation of the movement. Noam Chomsky, for instance, is publicly critical of the tendency of globalization to remove freedom and choice from the individual and to transfer it to transnational corporations. Chomsky argues that global organizations such as the Bretton Wood institutions, the IMF and the creation Bank, have elicitd the Washington Consensus whereby poor countries have to reduce welfare provision to meet debt payments to richer nations (Chomsky, 1999). Accordingly, the WTO, GATT and NAFTA are agencies that seek to acquire privileges for elites rather than those of the third-world. In contrast, those who promote globalization, such as the leaders of the institutions listed above, argue that globalization means a golden opportunity to build a platform for worldwide and universal democracy, healthcare, pension provision and all of the other basic rights expected by citizens of tungstenern welfare regimes.Esping Andersons The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Esping-Anderson, 199 0) is a seminal text in the literature of welfare states. As its deed suggest, Espings book divides the various kinds of welfare regimes in developed nations into triad theatrical roles Liberal, Conservative (Corporate), and Social democratic. Examples of countries with Liberal welfare regimes are the United States, Canada and Australia. These systems support means-measured-assistance that issue benefits for mainly the poor or those incapable of self-assistance. Government encumbrance in the welfare system is limited since government institutions are seen as unsuited for the dispersal of benefits nonpublic welfare initiatives are as such much encouraged. The liberal model is predominantly individualistic and market-orientated. Examples of the Conservative type include Germany, France and Italy. In this model welfare benefits are related to social position and employment status. This model depends heavily upon the work of the Church which is nigh united to the distribution of welfare particularly provision for the poor. So as well as the family is a vital source welfare. Sweden, Denmark and Norway are examples of countries that practice the Social Democratic model of welfare provision. Referred to also as the Scandinavian Model or the Swedish Model, this type of provision demands the intimate public date of its citizens in the economy and society of the nation. In such models the welfare state is an umbrella that cheers the whole nation. For instance, education is universally free (or very cheap) and of such a uniformly excellent level that it is unnecessary to maintain private schools. Healthcare, childcare allowances and old-age pensions are available to all citizens. The philosophy of the social democratic model is that its institutions should be egalitarian whereby the standard of living for the whole nation is leveled as much as possible. Espings model has been highly potent upon the thought of scholars writing about the welfare state and upon practitioners within it. Espings work is also significant because he suggests that the social-democratic model may be able to weather the difficulties it has undergone by globalization since the early 1990s. These ideas are in a flash discussed with reference to the particular welfare regimes of Sweden and Germany.The German welfare regime is a classic example of the conservative model of welfare provision. Originating with chancellor Otto von von Bismarck during the 1880s the German welfare regime gradually established authoritative insurance schemes for healthcare, accidents, disability and old-age. After Bismarck the German welfare state was further expanded during the years of the Weimar Republic and the Nazi dictatorship. In 1957 prime minister Adenauer passed the Pension Reform Law which aimed to distribute on an egalitarian rump the wealth of the economic miracle that Germany was experiencing at the time. This was a momentous and controversial conclusiveness that woul d lead to successive German chancellors competing to offer divulge and better and more unrealistic and more unrealistic welfare victuals and retirement packages to German workers. Adenauer replaced Bismarcks limited system of circumstances only the fourth-year or desperately poor with pension schemes linked to wages referred to as pay-as-you-go (Beck, 1995). These schemes were highly successful during the boom times of the 1950s and 1960s and up until the 1970s. The 1980s and 1990s however saw the set out of a series of serious economic challenges to the German welfare model the German economy began to slow, the re-unification of East Germany meant huge extra burdens for the system and the German population was ageing quickly. In these years pension contributions for German workers went up from 26% in 1970 to 40% in 1990 (Crew, 1998). German politicians failed to see and so prepare for these events. Chancellors Helmut Schmidt and Helmut Kohl sought to improve things by extrav agant pensions promises that they knew they could non could not fulfill. Chancellor Kohl for instance famously claimed in his 1990 Unity Campaign that When I say that we will not increase taxes, it means we will not increase taxes (Bleses, 2004). Within a year gasoline, tobacco and insurance taxes had been brocaded as well as the solidarity surcharge added. Globalization became a major(ip) problem for the German welfare system in the early 1990s when the world-recession hit Germanys economy hard and made it difficult for her to take hold her generous welfare provision. Germany initially responded to the pressures of globalization by raising taxes steeply. Chancellor Gerhard Schroeders has recently sought to introduce comprehensive reforms of the welfare system Hartz 1V2 for instance to respond to globalization. German trade unions are intractably opposed to such reforms and have staged huge street protests against them.The Swedish model of welfare provision is a classic example of the social-democratic type. The history of the Swedish model is closely bound to the aims of the Swedish Social Democratic Party which was founded in 1889. The SDP was set up by industrial workers who aimed to guarantee every Swedish worker (and later every Swede) medical insurance, pensions in old-age, redundancy defense and various other benefits that guarded them against poverty and hunger. The SDP based the Swedish welfare system upon very high taxation (as it remains today) and Swedes pay up to 60% of their total income to the government. 90% of businesses in Sweden are privately owned and pay large corporate taxes to the government also. The SDPs interpretation of the welfare state was based upon high taxation and was referred to as the Peoples class. The SDP became the dominant political force in Sweden in the 1930s (lasting in power for sixty years) and in 1937 the Riksdag (Swedish parliament) passed a pensions scheme for the elderly that continues to the present. Afte r World War II the SDP extensively enlarged the welfare regime. This extension included mandatory health insurance, dental insurance, child-care subsidies, five-week vacation periods and so on. Thus by the 1970s the dream of the Peoples Home had been substantially realized.Nearly sixty years of near blissful conditions in Swedens welfare system were seriously threatened in the 1990s by a series of economic difficulties which were attributed to globalization and adduced as evidence that individual national monetary policies cannot survive the effects of globalization (Rydenfelt, 1981). Sweden is the classic example of the social-democratic model third-way between conservatism and laissez-faire and so if Sweden fails to protect its distinctive system then all others of this type are believably to fail also. Globalization is seen to have forced Sweden to reduce full-employment provisions and to shell benefits in its welfare regime. The electoral defeat of the SDP for the first time i n sixty years was seen as further evidence of the ability of globalization to affect well-rooted national institutions. Evidence for the crisis caused by globalization appears convincing. Between 1990-1995 national growth was viscous at 0.4% GDP, unemployment soared from 1.6% in 1990 to 12.5% in 1993. Government phthisis measured in GDP climbed from 60% in 1989 to 74.1% in 1993 (Crew, 1993). These events had 3 principal causes. Firstly, the volatility of Swedish currency internationally in mind-set of the finalization of the European Single Market and also the act of Swedens joining the EU. Second, the far-stretched depression of the early 1990s that reached globally. Thirdly, the difficulties of maintaining the level of the Krona future(a) to the Deutschmark after competitive devaluations were ditched in the 1980s. This evidence can be interpreted in two ways. Some argue that the Swedish crisis is an undeniable consequence of lavish public spending and impossibly high welfare provisions. The other school, represented by Esping-Anderson for instance, argues that the Swedish crisis is temporary and that its welfare state is capable of surviving present economic difficulties. Events for this school are conjunctural (Esping-Anderson, 1990). Sweden is not the victim of globalization, but of a particularly unlucky set of economic coincidences.Finally it must be said that neither Sweden nor Germany has yet unconquerable with certainty whether they will be able to resist the pressure of globalization to modify or replace their idiosyncratic national welfare models. Sweden and Germany face pressure from within and without. Globalization from the outside, and the absolute demand of their citizens for a lengthiness of the present generosity of their respective welfare systems. If Esping Anderson is right, Sweden may weather the pull and preserve its social-democratic model. For Germany the external pressures are greater and the rescue of its conservative model f ar less certain.BibliographyBeck, H. (1995) The Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia. Ann Arbor,University of loot Press.Bleses, P. (2004) The Dual Transformation of the German Welfare State. Palgrave Macmillan,Basingstoke.Castells, M. (1996). Information Technology and Global Capitalism in W. Hutton A.Giddens (eds.) On the Edge Living with Global Capitalism. Vintage, London.Crew, D. F. (1998). Germans on Welfare. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Chomsky, N. (2003). Hegemony or Survival. Metropolitan Books, crude York.Chomsky, N. (1999). Profit Over People. Seven Stories Press, New York.Chossudovsky, M. (1997). The Globalization of Poverty. Impacts of the IMF and World Bank Reforms. Zed Books, London.Esping-Anderson, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. edict Press,Cambridge.Hajighasemi, A. N. (2002). The Transformation of the Swedish Welfare System Fact or apologue? University of Durham, Durham.Held, D (et al.). (1999). Global Transformations Pol itics, Economics and Culture. PolityPress, Cambridge.Kelner, D. (1997). Globalization and the Postmodern Turn. UCLA, Los Angeles.Kuttner, R. (2002). Globalization and Poverty. The American Prospect Online.www.prospect.org./print/V13/1/global-intro.html/Liebfried, S. (2003). Limits to Globalization Welfare States and the World Economy. PolityPress, Cambridge.Rydenfelt, S. (1981). The Rise and Decline of the Swedish Welfare State. Lund UniversityPress, Lund.Rydenfelt, S. (1980). The Limits of Taxation Lessons from the Swedish Welfare State. LundUniversity Press, Lund.1 www.worldbank.org/globalization/definition2 Hartz IV, Federal Agency for Labour a law that offers reduced unemployment benefits at different levels in East and West Germany.

Wireless Vulnerabilities Threats And Countermeasures Information Technology Essay

radio pock Vulnerabilities Threats And Countermeasures Information engineering science EssayIntroduction to profits bail brinytains its focus on the interlock and its vulnerabilities, protocols, and pledge solutions. It includes lucre architecture, the functions of layers in a typical net profit, and inter slip by ground attacks including header, protocol, and authentication attacks. Bottom-up approach, it provides at a lower placestanding of the vulnerabilities and mechanisms of each layer of interlock protective cover charge.In any(prenominal)(prenominal) sphere there is net contrive security plan in order to control solely the events occurred in the domain like ticketing selling, consumable purchases, seating arrangement and some others. By function the radio receiver engineering and mobiles we bear plan the top level web security in the plan, the go admitn in this argon all the members in the radio set enthrall obligate one wireless mobile. From t he mobiles all the members butt joint knuckle under the culture to channel that means it is a server. wholly the decisions entertainn by the empires be by the wireless solitary(prenominal), the telly channel be steads real a lot useful in controlling the pipe bowl.Consider the cricket scene of actionChinnaswamy, cricket Stadium in Bangalore, INDIA.The boundary line of the stadium is marked by the rope and here the boundary line is called as the perimeter of the stadium having field diameter of 140 to 160 yards. Score board has to flourish scores and sometimes should work as a third empire for keen observation and all this declineup should work with wireless engineering science be answer wire transmission whoremonger non be implemented everyplace there. This stadium with a seating capacity of 55,000.Features of the stadiumThe entire stadium is equipped with the very sensitive digital cameras, short and long distance explosive detectors. alone it involve 29 closed circuit television cameras, in this 29 cameras five of them atomic number 18 very highly sophisticated which argon having the 360 stratum of vision and all these go out covers all the corners of the stadium. Trained marshals allow operate the 29 closed circuit television cameras (CCTV), nearly 20 trained marshals are there in the stadium. These marshals having the helmets which are with sensitive cameras and sensitive detectors which are capable for covering the explosives which are happened some of 300 meter, this is called as OSD(on-screen display) camera which in the helmet and it is directly connected to the CMS(central monitor carcass) vehicle. This CMS vehicle is standing right(prenominal) the stadium, so whatever the marshal confab and do, each and every point of the stadium and things happening in the stadium are very clearly seen in the CMS (central monitoring system) vehicle. The entire system works on SNMP( fair network management protocol).Total stadium ordure be seen in the CMS vehicle, and another important thing is that empires decisions for example take the out and not out decisions it kitty be displayed on the enormous digital screen. The runs taken by the both the teams will be displayed on the digital screen in stadium.At the heart of the modern stadium is a communications system capable of supporting(a) the innovative unfermented functions and applications customers are looking for. Organizing and hosting events requires a complete communications cornerstone essential to satisfying the communication needs of fans, guests, corporate employees, service and security staff, event organizers, press and media. It is that to provide all the components needed to build a complete, converged, secure and reliable communications system.Security, communication and services are the main aspects at the stadiums now-a-days. The organizers and event managers should be able to satisfy the complete communications foundation essential to satis fying the communication needs of fans, guests, corporate employees, service and security staff, event organizers, press and media. And also the communication system which provides all the components needed to build a complete, secure and consistent communications system.Converged IP/Ethernet CoreStadiums support the communications needs of events with much number of users. Moreover, the supporting infrastructure is shared by different groups with different needs including stadium corporate users, media and press and event promoters. It is important to the make the event made with High-speed, consistent and secure communication which doesnt fails. With reliable, secure, high-performance, innate(predicate) Ethernet connectivity the enterprise LANs put forward intelligently prioritize real-time business communications like voice, exposure and multimedia services.Voice communications Voice communications are important in any purlieu and mainly in the stadiums. IP networks provide t he authorisation and quality of service that voice service requires. Converging voice and grantive information over IP maximizes network efficiency, streamlines the architecture, reduces capital and operating costs, and opens up refreshed service opportunities. It would be secure for organizations of all sizes to use voice over IP (VoIP), with IP PBXs (Private Branch Exchange). Today the global markets have a complete variety of IP phones, including desktop phones with displays, rugged wireless handsets, and PC-based downlikephones. All of these admission price devices operate seamlessly across the range of IP-enabled platforms and applications.Mobility The nature of the stadium environment is mobile. Staff move constantly on making the event booming and provide the security at the top level. For the users, it is essential to have the stay to to key information and communication tools and allows them to roam and remain in bit no matter where they are.In WLAN IP Telephony se rvices, we have a large choice of mobile desktops and handsets. Voice calls can be placed from laptops or PDAs(Personal digital Assistant) using fluffy phones and employees can be equipped with voice over WLAN handsets that support multiple functions super useful for stadium staff, such as text messaging, conferencing and a push-to-talk gas that allows groups of handsets to behave as walkie-talkies.With this, the good coverage can be certain in areas which are difficult to reach with customary areas. Wireless charter Network extends the reach of Wireless LANs securely and cost-effectively for situations where cabling for the LAN network is not in place or too costly to deploy.Implementing naked as a jaybird TechnologiesWith a comprehensive communications infrastructure as the base, stadiums have the foundation on which to build an intelligent environment filled with new, media-rich applications and services capable of creating new revenue opportunities and improving the over all fan experience.Wireless ticketing booths Premium sit for sporting events and concerts can be expensive. Stadiums can leverage wireless technology to implement standalone, mobile carrels that attract fans to upgrade their existing tickets for an event onsite.Digital signage directs patrons to the carrel during the event. The fan simply inserts his ticket, checks a map of available seats, uses a touch-screen to select the new seat and inserts his credit humour to pay. The machine keeps the old(a) ticket and provides the upgrade. The stadium fills the seats closer to the action and generates revenue that would have been lost. It creates a win-win for the guest, the team and the stadium.Stadium owners can use the same kiosk to encourage customers to buy tickets for future events while guests are onsite and in the fashion to buy. The kiosk can advertise upcoming events and attract fans waiting to go past after watching a game or seeing a concert. The terminal shows a list of available events and allows users to follow the same simple steps to purchase a ticket.Additionally, stadium owners can use the kiosk to capture and collect valuable information about its customer base. The kiosk can advertise loyalty programs and contests that suggest incentives for fans to provide personal data that helps the stadium better understand and communicate with its audience base.Public gumshoe and security With thousands of people attending major events at one time, public safety and security is critical. Stadiums can leverage the communications system to offer digital security options including digital video surveillance and RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) tagging and tracking. For example, stadiums can make better security threat detection with high-resolution IP cameras that provide undecomposed surveillance of the crowd using pre-sets by section operators can select a stadium section and automatically receive all video from that section in multiple view s. Operations staff can set rules to govern detection of left bags, perimeter entry, threshold crossing and loitering receiving alarms if any of the rules are breachedStadiums can improve event response through video feeds and text alerts that are transmitted manually or automatically to upstage PDAs, laptops or offsite responders. All responders can be linked together automatically via dedicated audio conferencing channel. RFID tags can be used to nail down and impinge on the closest security personnel to an emergency situation, ensuring a timely response. astir(predicate) NETWORK SECURITY AND TO FIND THREATSVulnerabilities, Threats and CountermeasuresWireless networking has many advantages. Network embodiment and reconfiguration is easier, faster, and less expensive. But, wireless technology creates new threats and alters the existing information security risk profile. Wireless networking alters the risks associated with various threats to security, the security objectives re main the same as with wired networks, preserving confidentiality, ensuring integrity, and maintaining availability of the information and information systems.Wireless Networks present a host of issues for network managers. Unauthorized introduction points, broadcasted SSIDs, unknown stations, and spoofed mackintosh addresses are just a few of the problems addressed in WLAN troubleshooting.Wireless Vulnerabilities, Threats and CountermeasuresThe wireless networks consist of four basic components The transmission of data using radio frequencies entrance money points that provide a participation to the organizational network and/or the Client devices (laptops, PDAs) and Users. Each of these components provides an avenue for attack that can upshot in the compromise of one or more of the three extreme security objectives of confidentiality, integrity, and availability.Wireless Network AttacksMalicious associationMalicious associations are when wireless devices can be actively made b y awry(p) to connect to a network through their cracking laptop preferably of a access point (AP). These roles of laptops are known as soft APs and are created when a cracker runs some software that makes his/her wireless network card look like a legitimate access point. at a time the cracker has gained access, he/she can steal countersigns, launch attacks on the wired network, or plant trojans. Since wireless networks operate at the Layer 2 level, Layer 3 protective coverings such as network authentication and realistic private networks (VPNs) offer no barrier. Wireless 802.1x authentications do help with protection but are still vulnerable to cracking. The idea behind this type of attack may not be to break into a VPN or other security measures. Most likely the cracker is just onerous to take over the client at the Layer 2 level.Ad-hoc networksAd-hoc networks can pose a security threat. Ad-hoc networks are defined as peer-topeer networks amongst wireless ready reckoners t hat do not have an access point in amongst them. While these types of networks usually have little protection, encryption methods can be used to provide security.Identity thievery (MAC spoofing)Identity theft (or MAC spoofing) occurs when a cracker is able to listen in on network relations and identify the MAC address of a computer with network privileges. Most wireless systems allow some kind of MAC filtering to only allow authorized computers with specialised MAC IDs to gain access and utilize the network. However, a number of programs exist that have network sniffing capabilities. reliance these programs with other software that allow a computer to pretend it has any MAC address that the cracker desires, and the cracker can easily get around that hurdle.Man-in-the-middle attacksA man-in-the-middle attacker entices computers to log into a computer which is set up as a soft AP (Access Point). Once this is done, the hacker connects to a real access point through another wireles s card offering a steady flow of traffic through the unsophisticated hacking computer to the real network. The hacker can then sniff the traffic. unity type of man-in-the-middle attack relies on security faults in challenge and handshake protocols to execute a de-authentication attack. This attack forces AP connected computers to drop their communitys and reconnect with the crackers soft AP. Man-in-the-middle attacks are enhanced by software such as LANjack and AirJack, which automatize multiple steps of the solve. What once required some skill can now be done by script kiddies. Hotspots are peculiarly vulnerable to any attack since there is little to no security on these networks.Denial of serviceA Denial-of-Service attack (DoS) occurs when an attacker continually bombards a targeted AP (Access Point) or network with bogus requests, premature successful connection messages, failure messages, and/or other commands. These cause legitimate users to not be able to get on the net work and may even cause the network to crash. These attacks rely on the abuse of protocols such as the protractile Authentication Protocol (EAP).Network injectionIn a network injection attack, a cracker can make use of access points that are exposed to non-filtered network traffic, specifically broadcast medium network traffic such as Spanning Tree (802.1D), OSPF, RIP, and HSRP. The cracker injects bogus networking re-configuration commands that affect routers, switches, and intelligent hubs. A whole network can be brought down in this manner and require rebooting or even reprogramming of all intelligent networking devices.Signal-Hiding Techniques In order to intercept wireless transmissions, attackers first need to identify and locate wireless networks. There are, however, a number of steps that organizations can take to make it more difficult to locate their wireless access points. The easiest and least costly include the following Turning offthe service set identifier (SSID) br oadcasting by wireless access points, Assign cryptic names to SSIDs, decrease repoint strength to the lowest level that still provides requisite coverage or Locating wireless access points in the interior of the building, external from windows and exterior walls. More effective, but also more costly methods for trim back or hiding signals include Using directional antennas to constrain signal emanations within desired areas of coverage or Using of signal emanation-shielding techniques, sometimes referred to as TEMPEST, 1 to block emanation of wireless signals.Encryption The beat method for protecting the confidentiality of information transmitted over wireless networks is to encrypt all wireless traffic. This is especially important for organizations subject to regulations.Securing Wireless Access PointsInsecure, poorly configured wireless access points can compromise confidentiality by allowing unauthorized access to the network.Use anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and a firewallComputers on a wireless network need the same protections as any computer connected to the Internet. Install anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and keep them up-to-date. If your firewall was shipped in the off mode, turn it on.Change your routers pre-set password for administrationThe manufacturer of your wireless router probably assigned it a step nonremittal password that allows you to set up and operate the router. Hackers know these default passwords, so change it to something only you know. The longer the password, the tougher it is to crack.Allow only specific computers to access your wireless networkEvery computer that is able to communicate with a network is assigned its own unique Media Access contain (MAC) address. Wireless routers usually have a mechanism to allow only devices with particular MAC addresses access to the network. Some hackers have mimicked MAC addresses, so dont rely on this step alone.Training and Educating UsersNotice that Figure 1 also inc ludes users as the fourth basic component of wireless networking. As is the case with wired security, users are the key component to wireless networking security. Indeed, the immensity of training and educating users about secure wireless behavior cannot be overstated. To be effective, user training and education needs to be repeated closureically.The Security PolicyTo maintain a secured wireless network security, we need to hold back these policies, so that the wireless network can be protected by the major threats and vulnerabilities.Computer Acceptable Use. A general document covering all computer use by eventstaff, including desktop, mobile, home PCs, and servers.Password. A rendering of the requirements for password protecting computer systems, the rules for choosing passwords, and how the password policy is enforced.Email. This policy covers the use of email sent from any email address and received at any computer system.Web. A specification of what browsers may be used, h ow they should be configured, and any restrictions on which sites event staff can get down.Mobile reckon and Portable Storage. A description of who owns the mobile computing and portable computer memory on the network, how they are supported, and what specific devices (if any) are authorized for use on the network.Remote Access. A policy stating who can access what information from which locations under what circumstances.Internet. A description of your Internet-facing gateway configuration, stating what is allowed in and out, and why.Wireless. A specification stating how wireless access will be managed on the network and how access points will be plugged in, secured, and maintained who is allowed to use them and under what circumstances.Servers. A dictation of the standards for servers, what services are enabled or disabled by default, and important distinctions between production, test, and development environments.Incident Response Plan. No policy is complete until it also sp ecifies what to do when defenses fail what is considered a security incident who gets called who is authorized to debar things down if needed who is responsible for enforcing applicable local laws who speaks for the company.StandardsWorkstations Approval for workstation connection must be obtained as part of the standard workstation installation process handled by Information Technology Services, or authorized departmental skilful personnel.Other devices (including, but not limited to, network components such as hubs, routers, switches, wireless access points, printers and other communication devices) Approval to connect devices other than workstations must be expressly obtained from Information Technology Services/Network Services.Vendors/visitors can obtain a physical connection access to the University network through Information Technology Services on a per visit basis. This access will be granted for a specific period of timeMail servers may not be run outside of Information Technology Services.GuidelinesAccountsDefinition and use of departmental accounts and shared accounts should be restricted asmuch as possible. Only those functions needed by the user should be made available through such accounts.Servers1. SSL should be implemented on Web servers if account log-in is required.2. Run aggression detection system where appropriate3. Store backups offsite on a monthly basis.4. Install firewall system where appropriate5. Application updates must be performed every 30 days.6. Run file integrity checker such as Tripwire daily.7. Periodically test backups for integrity.Passwords1. should not use any words found in dictionary of any language2. should not use any combination of letters of a users real name, username, initials or nickname3. should not use any combination of a famous persons name4. should not use any combination of a spouses, girlfriends, boyfriends, or childs name5. should not use any personalized numbersWorkstations1. Turn off workstations o vernight.2. Work-related files should be stored on the Novell cluster in the staff membershome directory or the departments work directory3. Implement periodic backups4. Logginga. should be enabled to recordi. successful and thwarted login attempts.ii. system and application errors.CONCLUSIONWe introduce the top level network security plan in the stadium to control the things happening. So by this we can create the safe atmosphere to the audience in the stadium. We can prevent the things inside the stadium only but out side the stadium we cant, so the government have to come forward and give the external security to the stadium. Because of the terrorism attacks the government has to be very paying attention in giving the security to the stadium. For this each and every person who entrance into the stadium is first checked with bomb squad and also by the wireless detector. By this we can provide the safety to people and the players in the match.

Elements in Designing Public Spaces

Elements in Designing existence placesIntroduction presently a daylights much attention is given on to the hu while being dimension in the metropolis planning and the need for quality in the unrestricted places. Importance of prevalent sets is univers exclusivelyy accepted by champion and each(prenominal). The question is what sacrifices earthly concern seat much than supremacyful? The figinger is act to give lift out model of safe world quadrup eachows. However we knock that gentlemans gentlemany magazines well intentional populace office too doesnt obtain sincere state-supported response. In this essay an attempt is do to study a place evolved organic growth through assembling and flourishes of public at large design public quadruplet to sock which place is more successful.QuestionWhat cooks a successful public space?Have lot who pulmonary tuberculosis it had any role to play in making it a successful?What role a designer net play in makin g a space successful?Public space definedIf wholeness has to define public space in wizard liner, it manner space for public at large.According to public space book, public zrealm includes solely the space friendly to and used by concourse (p.111).So we mountain say it is a space which is do for lot and it is made by mint.As Loukaitou sideris and Banerjee (1998, p.175) observe public disembodied spirit involves relatively bluff and universal neighborly contexts, in contrast to private smell, which is intimate, familiar, shielded, controlled by the individual, and sh ar scarce with family and friends.Public space is the place where unmatched likes to spend more magazine non doing anything special(prenominal) and hump surroundings. This provide be libraries, society revolve arounds, roads, nub and super Cs. The dimensions of public space atomic number 18 physical and social. (p.109) Physical means space- which occur social activities. These spaces whiteth orn be or may non be privately owned. For example hospitals, theaters etc be privately owned public space.The public space send packing be external or essential and it might be quasi external and internal space. (p.111)William White (1980) in his study in New York gave more emphasis on little(a) scale open spaces in towns, squ bes, piazzas, plazas, pocket approximate ranges and channel as the strategic public space, which argon external public spaces.Primitive man moved from place to place in search for food and shelter. gardening befriended him to settle at place for security and protection. Family sustenance and sense of will power were the important factor which weighed with him for the establishment of settlement. Communal upkeep gave rise to social interaction. He then stated exchanging goods and services with former(a)s in the residential district for his ain and family need and here started business and commerce. Good and bad events in the community brought in mates closer and this is how, a life outside the private category originated. ab initio no particular space was identified as public space. incensed place infra the tree on the outskirt of a colonisation or habitat served the purpose. Common well near the village, lake side knowledge do main, sunderrside or the market place was the place where wad of all walks of life fulfilled and discussed their serious and non serious issues. Still in villages people use to gather at the Chauraha of the village. Chauraha is the space where the community meeting takes place in village. It might be under tree or open space at the conjunction of pass. here(predicate) they did their routine body process, enjoyed the community life. This was the close to autochthonic public space created by the people without any deliberation or active participation. Market places, squ ars, plazas and gardens ar the extended versions of such places by evolution. completely these places conduct grown o rganically by evolution. The man is the most meddle nearly and innovative creature on earth. He has the ability to think, label, accept the good and forego the bad. These mental faculties take away made it possible for a man to improve by evolution. The change may non seem in a short snip, in the extensiveer run, the change is substantial. By evolutionary process man has tried to mould his habitat more and more suited. Man has improvised his society by accumulation, adaptations and additions.Henry Sheftoe has raised a question tramp we design such places at the drawing senesce?Critics of formal architecture and planning such as Bernard Rudofsky (Architecture without Architects) and Christopher Alexander (The eternal Way of Building, A Pattern Language) apprise that we argon better of development good places and spaces, rather than trying to build them from a blueprint. Henry Sheftoe has say I think we have a lot to learn virtually how plans and natural environments grow , evolve and adapt to local circumstances and then to mirror this in the development of the built environment.What do we mean by a urban center or town? Is it just a place of land where houses have been built for human settlement? Or it is a living organism of people staying there. If one knows the basic various mingled with house and home, he will appreciate this important difference. A building may be just a structure of quaternary walls and roof for an noncitizen simply for a someone residing there is more than that because he is prone to the same sen mntally. This sense of attachment to a public place working at macro level. Therefore, when we talk of evolved public space, they are the places created be people for themselves to suit their taste, culture and tradition.The city is discussed in barren eviscerated terms and in technical jargon by urban professional as if it were lifeless, unaffectionate being. In fact it is a sensory, emotional, lived experience. (Landry 2 006,p.2).When a city or town is to be planned from the scratch, the designer lavatory defiantly give his dress hat with the athletic supporter of his design input. He provides for the well designed public spaces for the gross use and the same will be used by people who will stay there. nevertheless this is non the easy case e truly(prenominal) time. How well the people will accept a public space if it is designed without taking in to account their taste and needs? It may fail through it may be the most ideal design situation.Sennet (1973) in his critical statement express they have failed, not for privation of technical expertise, and because they have lot had the power to be accommodative all everywhere the course of time p100.Barnad (1994) in his account of How Building goldbrick suggested that good architecture is nor necessarily produced by design specialists but by the spontaneous and continuous activity of the people.Christopher Alexander asks why our modern c ities so often lack a sense of natural growth, and goes on to suggest a set of rules and guidelines by which we rout out inject that organic type back into our high streets, buildings and squares. throng who stay at a place, have by their long association to the place and style of living, developed an similitude towards the same and material change in that space will neer be accepted by them. quadriceps femoriss are for people to suit the designed place. Such attempts will stir condemnation from the people and will go out in failure of the space to serve the purpose. One butt insure the body but not the soul.What is successful public space? booming public space are the place which is universally accepted by the community, where one loafer see and enjoy multiple activity and feelerible by all kinds of member of society from children to aged.According to Francis Tibbalds, successful public spaces consist of rich, vibrant, mixed use environment that does not die at night or at the weekends and is visually stimulating and attractive to residents and chafferors alike. roaring public spaces contain overlapping use of contrastive activity and where person coffin nail join and participate without any hesitation. It must be a safe place. This is the place where society like to meet daily and enjoy the pollution rationalize atmosphere.Henry Sheftoe has used word convivial for a successful public space. He says convivial is defined in dictionaries as festive, sociable, jovial and fond of merry- making usually referring to people, but it can e truly bit apply to a situation. He says without such convivial spaces, cities, towns and villages would be specified accretions of buildings with no deliberate opportunities for casual visits and positive interactions between friends or strangers.How to evaluate public space?Despite the fact that the public space is important for good urban living, question dormant remains, what places are good or bad. Evolution o f public space is a subjective issue and closes may vary from person to person. Here we are not concerned with the decision form the designers point of view, but only if from the point of vew of an individual habitual man on the street. Experts in the subjects have given different parameters for evaluating the success of a public space. However project for public space have after many case studies and surveys propounded four important parameters and they are gate and linkages, solacement and assure, user and activities, sociability. either other parameters given by others are more or less covered within the sweep of the aforementioned(prenominal) four issues. Therefore in this essay, success of the public spaces is examined by applying these four parameters only. accessibility is most important factor which affects the willingness of the users. People are pitch and willing if the space is nearby, in the neighborhood or approachable easily. fosterableness and images decid es the attraction of people.According to book Image of the City (Lynch, p.9), the quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability to evoking a strong image in any given observer.Good hassock of space also create good image on the mind. relief is the abstract perception in the minds of the user and good seating, lighting, mobility, traffic free environment are the physical criteria. People coming to real public space have different reasons to come and therefore multiple activity options on the space make it more convivial. Mixed used activities generate maximum public response. If space is used by only one type of users, other users may not find place interesting. Space must provide welcoming environment to all the residents at all the time. Activities in short are the reasons to visit the place, they will interact and send with each other. They will love the company and will have philanthropy for others. Tolerance, compassion and love are the natural fallout of a good public space.Why Banaras Ghats and Pershing viridity?Case study of ghat in Banaras as evolved public spaceBanaras is perhaps the oldest living city in the serviceman. It is said that (singh, 1993) city has been lived since 4th century.According to Mark Twain (1898) Banaras is of age(p) than history, older than tradition, older than legend and looks twice as old as all of them unitedly.It is situated on the bank of holy river Ganga. According to author P. B. Singh (1993), From the ages this river mien of Ganga is used by people of India as a place for do rituals and holistic activity from birth to death. Visitor from all over the world make a point to visit Banaras either to perform Hindi rituals or be witness to them.River bank of Ganga and especially the Ghats has been acclaimed as public places and their existence since time immemorial does make it evolved public place. It is a unpolluted example of evolved public place.According to the Merriam Websters online dicti onary (2009) Ghat means A colossal flight of steps that is situated on an Indian riverbank and that provides access to the water especially for laving.Banaras is bound on the east by river Ganga which flows from coupling to south and while bending continuously makes a beautiful crescent(prenominal) like riverfront. The left bank is flanked by city while ripe bank is plain and undeveloped. The right bank lands are reserved for farming and no construction is permissible.People of Banaras are strongly related to river. The river nurtures their life. It is prize mother like. All the people living there regularly visit the ghat for bathing and routine. Earlier the ghats were muddy platforms to sit near the river. However by evolution the muddy platforms are regenerated as stepped ghats. Most of these ghats have been improve during the 17th and 18th centuries. (Singh, 1993). High contours and different water levels in the river during different seasons, the stepped embankment -ghat is perhaps the top hat type of river front.There are almost 84 ghats along the river in span of 5 kms. However study is hold in to Dasashvamedh ghat, Darbhanga ghat, Munshi ghat, Ahilyabai Ghat.Accessibility and linkage to the edge of the river (Ghat)Study country Ghats are coordinated with each other and one can walk from one to other easily. Access to the ghat is little bit mysterious and confusing. moreover in plan, one can observe that all routes in the city directly lead to the ghats. Ghats are uniteed with two types of street. Dasashvamedh road is the Commercial course and main approach for visitors. Other streets are Secondary avenue and connect internal part of the city to the ghats. Other clear accessibility to the ghats is from the river, which is very clear and inviting. Transit points are the main bazaar street. Ghat is accessible on foot and by the boat from the river.The overall experience from city to the Dasashvamedh GhatFrom city to the Ghat is a human scal e. Person cant perceive the Ghat while contemptible from the street. River is not visible from the inner parts of the town. Arrival to the Ghats is quite surprising. thorough development of the building on the edge of river diverts the users movement towards Ghat at certain angle and cut the vision from the distance.The experience from Dasashvamedh Ghat to the cityThis experience is quite opposite to one stated above. At the ghat edge buildings are deposit scale, which create image of the city from the river and image of skyline gives clear comment of activity on the edge. From the ghat one can observe whole city skyline because of the topography of the city. This scale slowly disappears while moving towheads the city.Dasashvamedh roadDasashvamedh road is a main connection between Kashi Vishvanath temple and the Dasashvamedh Ghat. The whole street contains commercial life and serious of mix use character houses. surprisingly street has two way roads with divider at the center but does not give access to cars. Only two wheelers can pass on this road. The flow of people on this route is so high and black head crowd leads everyone towards the Ghat. At the junction of the Ghat street goes down in slope.Secondary StreetsThese streets connect Munshi Ghat, Darbhanda Ghat and Ahilyabai ghat which are mainly disposed with residential firmament. These streets are quite narrow and flanked by row of 3 to 4 storied residential houses with junior-grade shops on the ground floor. Street creates shadow on the road all the time which gives good comfort all the time of the day to user. Cows and dogs also stroll in these narrow streets and pedestrian found comfortable. Dark street have over looking spaces from the houses create secure and safe walk for users. At the junction of Chaustti Bazaar streets widen up and that generate community activity with the help of Chaurah (cross road) and temple or shrine. Here edges are the mediator who play major role to generate pub lic spaces at the certain intervals.Accessibility to the Ghats is herd and appears mess to a designer. On the linkage of the ghat and street, small temples and stalls which make it porous and active in nature. Crowd on such points make the movement on foot also difficult.Edge of the GhatEdge of the Darbhanga Ghat and Munshi Ghat are quite asleep(predicate) because of the fort wall but still we can observe activities there. On Dasashvamedh Ghat, shops and temples make edge quite porous and live. comfortableness and ImageGhats have its own individuality on the bank of rive Ganga. Here we can really appreciate what Kevin Lynch thought to the highest degree the city image (1981, p.1 ) At every instant, there is more than center can see, more than ear can hear, academic term or a view waiting to be explored.According to Rishma Parikh (2000, p.39) the nature of the placeis sensorial as well as physical. Both, physical environment and the manners of its consumption are responsible for an image.Ghats are very unique in nature. The steps on the contour make it full of life and activities. One can strike that number of people, mostly tourist are engaged with cameras taking photograph. But those busy in their routine activities of bathing, praying, performing rituals are unperturbed. The space is full of people from all walks of life.The stone steps provide seance for people as well as provide accessibility to river. Here Ghats flavor east direction so direct sun light will be there in the cockcrow hours but in let afternoon and evening hours, monumental scale edge gives shadow on the steps.People use umbrella to gain shadow in the morning hours on the platform of the ghat. At places, bottom of the trees is converted into platform to sit.Here at the Dasashvamedh Ghat we can see police station but still safety is the issue because of the overcrowding. The buildings on the steps create overlooking spaces, which help to reduce issues of safety.City of Banaras is ve ry congested in nature. But as one enters the Ghat, one can feel openness and freedom of space, which is the main attraction for the people to come at ghat.Uses and activityThe Ghats generate very strong religious bond because of devotees holding central activity power. All ghats are used for ritual activities. In the morning people gather here for bathing and Puja, in the afternoon people are busy doing rituals and evening hours see people attending Arati (offering with lighted lamps) and Puja.They take bath in the river. In the afternoon time we can see the people doing different ritual activity behind the death of the people. Apart from the rituals we can see children playing on the platform of the Ghats.Visitors are roaming around and taking photos. up to now these activities are also daily on the Ghats. In the special occasions the Ghats used as Emphi Theater, where different live concerts are arranged. On festival days, special Arati is done. Ghats have multi layer activity t hroughout the day. On the edge of the Dasashvamedh Ghat we can find small temples which conduct religious discourses.The small stalls around the Ghats sell many items which attract not only the local public but also the tourist alike. Small idols, flower, sweet sticks etc. Even visitor can take a hinge upon in the bat during the day and night time full stargaze boat ride is very famous to enjoy the river.This is perhaps the best place where one can see culture and tradition of India. It is India in small scale.SociabilitySociability of the place is clearly seen. Activities here charter the people together. Devotees and priest sit together and have rituals, which is the back devise activity on the ghat. We find people of all walks of life from beggars to businessman freely interacting with each other. Rich give aims to poor. Bhandaras are the special events on festival days. This is the best example of community participation on the ghat. Even one can observe animals like, cow, goat and man/woman sitting together very comfortably. Visitors and even foreign tourist are seen mixed in local activities. Barber shop, tea stalls, palmist, horoscope reader, singer, musician and serpent are commonly seen here and people enjoy their presence and company. Ghats are the best example of socialization between people of different culture and tradition. Space around the Ghats is quite messy and dirty but it doesnt dissuade public to going there.All big events in the town are held here. The Ghats not only have religious importance but are the life line of the people of neighborhood.Kumar says about people of Banaras in her article, their bowels would simply not move in closed spaces, nor would they consider themselves clean from bathing under tap, which shows social attachment of people to the space. Take away ghat from Banaras and it would be lifeless. Ghats are the best examples of democratic places.Neelakshi Joshi has rightly said, the ghat is thus the common bath, t he largest open space, guess center and the biggest pub in town for culture and social encounter and has been so far centuries untold. The ghats of Banaras stand as inspiration for bringing together all men-painters, ascetics, beggars, washer men and kings to the same platform. Natures bounty is not considered the privilege of the man who can afford the property by the river. It is rather a thing of joy for all to be enjoyed together.Case study of Pershing strongSite is situated in Los Angeles. City has storing grid pattern and this commonalty is fitted in block size of the grid. This park was designed 1866 and number of time it was redesigned. The study is based on the last design which is done in 1994 by Ricardo Legoretta and Laurie Olin. Before in 1866 it was a formal Spanish plaza and then it was reinvented in 1911, 1928, 1950 and 1994. The number of redesigning of plaza shows transformation of the city from time to time. It is suggestive of the lack of community connection. If local people are attach to a place, they would have stuck to basic form of the space. In 1951 government rebuilt the area and proposed underground parking with the reason to reduce car congestion of the area.Accessibility and image to the parkThe Pershing square is an island having road grid on all four sides. The streets which are adjacent to the square are south chromatic Street, West 5th and 6th lane and south hill street. place is accessible from all roads. Streets act as a divider between edge of adjacent building and park. Buildings around the streets are like wolfram 6th lane, South Olive and Hill Street. Have activates like dominoes pizza, restaurants, caf, hotels, offices and international jewelry center. This street faade seems very active and porous in nature. The West 5th street faade is little dead and have parking lot as well. Traffic on this street in day time is quite high. People use this street as a pathway to go from one place to another. People do not lin ger here on this space for long time. At the edge of the square have entry for the underground parking. It has different color wall on the edge, which distract the vision of people. One can find public transport at the edge of the park. On all streets, bus stop to access the park. Pershing square metro station is fit(p) nearby at five minutes walk.Comfort and image to the parkAt the first glance of the parks modern architecture generate good impression on the mind. Usage of the bright color creates artistic excitement. Even good use of architectural elements can be seen intimate the park. Park has good comfortable arrangement of seating. Pam tree in the park give better shadow and give proper comfortable area to stand. The steps around the water body give comfortable sitting to the user.Usage and activity at the parkThe park has scientific architectural elements like solar system waterfall, several constellation maps on floor, telescopes. But this element does not generate activa tes. At lunch time, people inspection and repair in nearby places come here to take their lunch. Most of the time the park is sterile. The development authority conduct good events on the park to attract people like ice scatting, musical evenings etc. but after the activity park seem dead. Park is used only by homeless people.SociabilityThe development authority designed it to make a social and democratic space. But it has not come up as such. It has miserable failed to serve is purpose.AnalysisCase study shows that ghats are conveniently located on bank of River Ganga. The river runs north to south and city has organically grown along the river. All the roads lead us to Ghat and accessibility is good form proximity point of view. However city is congested. Roads are narrow and mess. Ghats remain crowded all the time and movement is not comfortable. Cleanliness is another negative factor. However from the point of vary of activities, it is a successful place in as much as the plac e is bubbling with varied activities throughout the day. Socialization is utmost on this space. If the success of the ghat is to be evaluated y applying parameters suggested by the Project for Public Space, the place would be poor. However, clumsy accessibility and poor comfort level do not deter the people from socializing on this space. The reverence, people of Banaras has shown is wide to river Ganga. River Ganga is the life line of people o Banaras and Ghats are the organs without which life at Banaras cannot be thought of. Social attachment of the people of Banaras to river Ganga is is wondrous and that has made the ghats a great success despite all odds in terms of good design elements. Ghats are present day riverfronts. However, care has been taken by those who developed ghats on river to ensure that the river is not canalized by embankments as we see at other places. The crescent shape curve of the river is also well maintained showing their respect for the river. Ghats are perhaps the best example of evolved places.Second case study of Pershing forthrightly Park gives an opposite proposition. Accessibility to park is good. Comfort level and image of the place is also good. Aesthetic design of the park should normally arouse public response. The development authorities have inserted all good design elements to make the park success. However we find that public participation at the place is very poor. The park has failed to achieve its objective. Either people are not interested in the activities it offers or the people have no attachment with the space.The combined study of the two places leads us to conclude that over and above the four parameters suggested by Project for Public Space, there is one more factor which is vital to make a public space convivial and it is -emotional attachment of people to its place. Presence of this factor alone can make a space successful even if no some other counts it may not be convivial. Emotions emanate from lo ng continuous social and cultural bond. People make places by their accumulations of adaptations and additions. Designer can certainly give his inputs on first three counts of accessibility, comfort and activities but he is helpless on the last parameter in as much as he can solicit public response. He cant make people use this space. Public sentiments are the most vital issue which makes the place successful. Without public response, the space will be sterile and miserably fail to achieve its true objective. The authorities, therefore, should concentrate more on improving evolved public spaces by increasing the accessibility and comfort level and by providing diverse mix use activities. Evolved public spaces can be made more convivial with little work in this direction.FindingsPeople make places. Unless the space stimulates the overwhelmed response from one and all, the public space meat for them cannot become successful.The public spaces evolved by accumulation of adaptations and additions by users themselves are more convivial and people regularly use such places though they are not encouraging from the designers point of view.The success of particular public spaces is not in the hands of the designer. His best design model can fail if people do not respond favorably.Design make out fails if it does not uphold the sentiments of the people using them.Evolved public space can be easily made more comfortable and lively by the efforts of the designer who keeps in mind the sentiments of the users.

The Electoral Process :: President Elections Politics Essays

The Electoral ProcessThere are in truth many elections each family in America. Though the most important, the issue election for president is held every four years. These elections are far from elemental in terms of organization. The process for a national election lasts or so a year. A company must provide nominated volume to stand for election. Primary election is the term used in America for the elections which get out direct the two parties presidential nomination. The primary elections start in January of election year and bottomland last until June in what is called the primary season. Registered voters vote for their delegates. Since 1952 the beginning(a) primary election has traditionally been in New Hampshire. Of those nominated, only unitary is selected by the party delegates at the national conventions. This takes place during the summer. The voting clay at a national convention is made up of delegates. The delegates, erst at a convention, vote for a candid ate for the presidential election. The vice-president is excessively announced at the national convention. Also at the conventions, each partys policy platform is announced. This is essentially what each party plans to do if elected by the people. After the national conventions, the two parties presidential hopefuls can concentrate on campaigning for the ultimate prize in American politics. Each maintain has a number of delegates attached to it who are members of the states Electoral College. It is these people who the voters in that state are in reality voting for as most of these delegates are voted for at the analogous time as the presidential election. The number of delegates a state gets is bloodsucking on its population and its representation in the House of Representatives. The election of the electors and congress takes place on the first Tuesday in November.The presidential election is make on a winner-take-all basis in a state. Therefore if a candidate has most vote rs voting for him in a state, he will get all the Electoral votes from that state. This is true even if the number of people who voted against him is greater than the number he received.

Essay --

JFC is building a competitive advantage to go against some global competitors such as KFC, McDonalds and Burger King. The secrets of its success from perspective of trade are focusing on the Filipino market, building brand equity and offering variety and convenience. JFC builds actually strong brand equity. The brand sign is the bee, which is really engraved to the minds and police van of Filipinos. And also they are engaged in socio-civic programs to serve its communities. JFC puts major resources in the Filipino market to serve local style meals that cannot be set in competitors chains. They serve spaghetti, rice and burgers in Filipino style. JFC is offering a menu with a wide variety of meals. And JFCs one-stop outlet volition bring convenience to all customers. From perspective of operations, JFC is learning McDonalds in operation(p) systems and trying to gain more control on costs, redevelopment and feature to be able to reduce production time and ensure fiber and high er(prenominal) standard of cleanliness.From perspective of human Resource, JFC provides high-class services in its stores. JFC is only looking for service-oriented staff through high- standard processes of recruitment and selection. JFC offers higher compensation to increase staff loyalty and encourage better service performance. JFC also offers purporting programs to help staff to gain necessary skills and builds a better working environment to increase the standards of service.2.Although the new brands have its take in different identity JFC can still leverage its resources and skills in management, recruitment, training, selection, marketing and logistics. And also they can use economies of scale to reduce cost of production. I think that there should not be dilution of the Jollib... ...e brand equity. JFC should bring the analogous IT system technology to ensure operation efficiency and understand consumer trends overseas.JFC should range out what the local customers want, and build localized service standards. And also they should train local staff by using the same methods to train its outgo crew to ensure consistent high-level service. 5. I believe that JFC should subdue on the Philippines market since this market is growing at the fastest yard and has 89 percent of all stores.And JFC should also focus on chinaware market since Chinas market and economy are create very quickly, and both McDonalds and KFC are operating very sound in China.However, expanding in overseas should not be the main focus. It takes a lot of efforts, investments and costs, especially marketing cost to introduce this unfamiliar forage culture to the local customers.

Women’s Bodies in Taoism Essay -- Religion Religious Essays

Womens Bodies in TaoismI would rather live in a world where my life is surrounded by mystery than live in a world so small that my mind could comprehend it. This right statement by Henry Emerson Fosdick so simply defines the concept of a common Chinese religion. Taoism is a religion practiced by umteen Asians and by people around the world. It is a religion that is so attractively complex and yet based on principle as simplistic as breathing in and out. This paper will outline round basic information on the Taoist custom, examine the views of the female system in Taoism as presented by Barbara Reed and my own critique of the tradition will be provided.A brief history of Taoism is required in order for us to pursue these goals. To begin with, Taoism originated from a man named Lao Tzu. He wanted to deeply come to an understanding of how one could construct human beings to live together. Tradition says that he developed such a theory but there was no one around to harke n to him. In turn, he hopped on his water buffalo and rode to Tibet. When he arrived, he found a border base hit and Lao Tzu taught the guard his philosophy. The guard agreed with all Lao Tzu stated and he encouraged Lao Tzu to write his teachings down.The word Tao means The way. This is the entire basis of the Taoist tradition, finding harmony, living peaceably and being creative during the flow of genius. Taoists strike a goal as living life for the wayand achieving immortality.The Taoist tradition has two sacred texts. Both of these texts extol the way of nature as the path of happiness. says Barbara Reed in Women in World Religions.(161) The Tao te ching is the basic text for Taoism. It has been translated to mean The Way an... ... History, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1970. Reed, Barbara, Taoism, Sharma, Arvind, eds. Women in World Religions, adduce University of New York Press, Albany, NY, 1987.Schipper, Kristofer, The Taoist Body, University o f California Berkley and Los Angeles, CA, 1993.Smith, Houston, The Worlds Religions, HarperCollins, San Francisco, CA, 1991.Tortchinov, Evgueni A., The Doctrine of the Mysterious Female in Taoism a Transpersonalist View, Department of Philosophy, St. Petersburg State University,Russia, reprinted from, Everything is According to the Way Voices of Russian Transpersonalism, Bolda-Lok Publishing & Educational Enterprises, Brisbane, Australia, 1997. http//etor.h1.ru/mystfem.htmlYoung, Serinity, eds. An Anthology of Sacred Texts By And About Women, The Crossroad Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1993.

Mirror for Man - People are the way that they are Raised :: Mirror for Man Essays

Kluckhohn explained the differences and similarities among the worlds peoples by taking distinct life examples of various cultivated people and compared them to an separate person who was raised up in a different lifestyle. At first, he brought up several questions, asking why certain people do or dont do certain things. These questions were served as guides, which led on to the examples. They also served as attraction to the readers who are rummy about different people from another culture. Then he went on to compare people from different cultures in his examples. He compared an American woman, who restricts her hubby to only one mate, with a Koryak woman, who shares her husband with another woman an American raised in China with the Americans raised here in the unify States and lastly, he compared peoples reactions from eating the meat of chicken or tuna slant to that of a rattlesnake. Kluckhohn has a strong point in viewing servicemans culture. I agree with his def inition of culture -- "the part of the environment that is the creation of human beings." People react to things differently beca drop they were raised up in different environments with different cultures. No matter who the person is, or where he (or she) was born, his sort and his personality traits developments would depend on the environment that he is living in. The way people ideate, feel, react, and behave also are depended upon life experiences. They feel different emotions because they have felt this emotional happiness or sadness before. They think what is right and what is wrong because they have learned from past experiences. They react to different things because they experienced things that please them and the things that displease them. They behave in certain ship canal because they want to design their way of living into what they have admired from other peoples lives. I was born in Hong Kong, the civilize systems and the people living on that point are very strict in comparing with the United States. all over in Hong Kong, students go to school for seven hours and then they would go scale and spend another seven or eight hours on homework. The school system really forces you to study and do your homework to stay up with the rest of the class. But yet, the students would accept the homework assignments without complaining because they are use to doing so much homework and taking the pressure.

The Theories of Albert Bandura Essay -- Behaviorism Behavioral Psychol

The Theories of Albert Bandura Albert Bandura was influenced by behaviorism while at the University of Iowa studying for his PhD in the early 1950s, he developed his own theories called reciprocal determinism, he believed that not only does the environment influence behavior, but behavior influences the environment, or to rate it in his own words the world and a persons behavior catch each other. Bandura is often considered a father of the cognitive movement, he looked at personality as three things that interact, the environment, behaviour and the persons psychological processes. The psychological processes consisted of language and the ability to use our minds imagery. It was really at this stage in his life that he moved from macrocosm a behaviourist and became a cognitivist. Bandura carried out hundreds of studies but the ones that stand out to a greater extent to me than any others, are the Bobo doll (a inflatable doll of Bobo the clown, wit h a system of weights in the bottom so it will stand back up when you hit it) studies. (Bandura Ross and Ross 1961) Bandura made a film of one of his female students being pugnacious in actions and words towards a Bobo doll. This film was past shown to kindergarten children, who were then left to play with a Bobo doll, a lot of the children proceeded to imitate the aggressive behaviour towards the Bobo doll, they had witnessed the student carrying out. To counter criticisms that the children are just doing what comes naturally, as Bobo dolls were intentional to be hit, he made another film of the woman trouncing up a real clown, when this was shown to children and then they were left in a room with a live... ...rcial and buy that particular product. Bandura s Social cultivation Theory also has an important habit in the study of belligerence and criminal behaviour. To control aggression, he believed family members and the mass media should provi de positive role models for their children and the general public (Bandura, 1976). This statement is what influenced me to read about social scholarship theory, and Bandura in particular. Bibliography Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggressions through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of aberrant and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582 Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York General Learning Press. Bandura, A., & Ribes-Inesta, Emilio. (1976). outline of Delinquency and Aggression. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, INC New Jersey