The Impact of Cultural Capital on Advertisement

The impact of Cultural Capital on advertisement Class Professor *** Name Date Overview The French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu first proposed the concept of cultural capital. Since the 1980s, social capital has become a popular concept in many disciplines concerned and analysis of important starting point. Hofstede (1980) published a study in the field of cultural significance of the research results. In 1980s, scholars did a large number of cross-cultural consumer behavior based Hofstede’s cultural construct.After the 1990s, globalization and technological revolution in the joint action, cultural issues in all areas of marketing, reflected in all directions, the impact of cultural capital on advertisement journals were seen everywhere. â€Å"Advertising. † The word of foreign origin, derived from the Latin word â€Å"Adteurture†; its basic meaning is the meaning of attention and induce the latter evolved into the English language â€Å"Advertise†. In recen t years, advertising fills of people’s lives. From the television’s ads, newspaper’s ads, outdoor walls’ ads, to the network, advertising are seen every where.But in different cultural background, consumer values, consumption patterns and consumer behavior are different. Cultural capital has a deep impact on advertising, which cannot be ignored. Today's society is in economic globalization; all the advertising companies cannot separate from cultural capital. We need to know when planning to advertise the nation's culture, and culture types, this is the ads, predictable. â€Å"Cultural capital has three subtypes: embodied, objectified and institutionalized. † (Bourdieu, 1986). According to three different types of cultural capital.Below, I will talk about my type of advertising of these three different effects. Embodied cultural capital Embodied cultural capital is embedded in the individual's cultural capital. One of the most important parts is the language of the capital. â€Å"Linguistic capital, defined as the mastery of and relation to language, can be understood as a form of embodied cultural capital in that it represents a means of communication and self-presentation acquired from one's surrounding culture. † (Bourdieu, 1990) A hundred years ago, an American visited a Chinese government officer and his wife.First meeting, the American praised the officer’s wife was very beautiful. The officer replied: â€Å"Where, where. † The American did not understand, thought and answered â€Å"from the top to the bottom. † The officer still said â€Å"Where, where. † The American got confused. From this story is easy to see cultural shuck; when Chinese people are praised, they often reply â€Å"where† as a humble answer; meanwhile, Americans say â€Å"thank you†. In advertising design should also consider this factor. For example, â€Å"white elephant† is a battery brand; they first translated their company name into English â€Å"White Elephant† directly, but found poor sales.Later, they realized that white elephant in some countries is considered to be useless things. Who will buy useless things? With the lion was sent to the company described as a powerful force. They renamed their company â€Å"Brown Lion†, meaning the battery is strong, powerful. Sales really improved. In the study of language and culture, The Chinese company â€Å"Haier† was a successful story when it founded in China. The first time the company was called â€Å"qindao-libohaier†, then before entering the international market, it changed its name to â€Å"haier†, a catchy name is not only simple to speak, but also share the same pronunciation with â€Å"higher†.Language is the main tool of culture and communication. Languages of different ethnic groups also showed different ways of thinking. It is this difference that has cultural differen ces, but it also constitutes an obstacle to advertising. However, in various languages, the same concept can be used to explain things or title meaning. Furthermore, it is this commonness for different cultures that provides a basis for communication. In the design of advertisement, the use of this commonness can make the advertising language have less effective results. Objectified cultural capital Objectified cultural capital consists of physical objects that are owned, such as scientific instruments or works of art. † (Wikipedia) These cultural products can be transferred to economic capital such as Physical nature, in advertising design, mainly in aesthetic taste, business negotiations, consumption patterns, new product development and packaging, the color range on the part of Objectified cultural capital. Today,color is called a universal language; it shapes the character and not only has the function to open up markets, but also has great promotional role.For example, re d has been accepted in many countries, especially Asian countries such as China, Japan, Korea, India, in the festive activities. In these countries, streets and people’s houses are decorated with red as the main colors; red ornaments are also very popular. But in Germany, people do not like red. A Chinese red package for fireworks that was exported to Germany was once slow moving. After a survey, the fireworks company found that consumers in German feel insecurity from red, then they changed the package color to gray.Sales increased sharply as a result. In the United Kingdom and the United States, gold and yellow are symbols of honor and loyalty, so they are the favorite colors of men. In the United States, a yellow taxi is the most popular; meanwhile, Kodak's film is also known for its yellow packaging, but in Japan, yellow sometimes has the meaning of morbid or unhealthy. Thus, yellow for Japanese men is a taboo color. The color of culture may have different advertising eff ectiveness. Institutionalized cultural capitalInstitutionalized cultural capital consists of institutional recognition, most often in the form of academic credentials or qualifications, of the cultural capital held by an individual. (Wikipedia) Social structure affects the way people interact and their consumption patterns. Advertising design should be based on the country or region depending on the application of different social structure, market segmentation, product positioning. Family size and background, education, income, occupation, social class belongs to the division.In Middle Eastern countries, the average family unit is the family, including parents and children, family size lot, so advertising the focus should be on family. Otherwise, a country's general education level of the factors that determine a lot of advertising. In some countries more than 70% of the population is illiterate; text ads apparently will not have very good market, its design means it should make mo re use of image-based. Supplements Beside Pierre Bourdieu's three subtypes of Cultural Capital, cultural capital of the advertising I think there is another important effect: the timeliness.Different countries and nationalities have their own forms of traditional festivals and celebrations. China's traditional festivals are the Spring Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival. Europe and many countries have Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. There are many different areas of the world with various cultural festivals. Festival time and content are different, but shopping during the holiday season often peaks. This is also advertising the best time, so designers should know in advance the situation festival, to seize the opportunity. Another example,product placement is very popular in recent years.The film industries, and the market, continue to develop; product placement is bound to become more common. The film itself is a cultural product, in addition to its own original entertainment fe atures; advertising has become a special carrier. Each film has its own schedule, so people tend to focus on the film that will be fixed in time or the first round of the premiere broadcast. Indeed, in the first release, the audience is full of curiosity with novelty, we look forward to most, when most concerned about; it should be the best advertising time. SummaryCultural ties and capital have been associated for more than 20 years. Numerous cases demonstrate the importance of cultural capital. Advertising should follow the laws of the market. The advertising industry is a cultural industry; culture is the basis for the development of the advertising industry. A national culture based on advertising will be a healthy campaign. Design should understand the culture of the international market, and according to their cultural analysis of advertising, production, adjust to better meet the target country markets, to meet the needs of the international market of consumers.

Jesse Jame

Jesse James Paige Riley College Prep English Ms. Engel Works Cited 1881, with authorities growing suspicious, Jesse rented a house in Saint Joseph, and Missouri. â€Å"Jesse James – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Sept. 2012. <http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jesse_James â€Å"Jesse James Biography. † Biography Base Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. <http://www. biographybase. com/biography/james_jesse. html>. Bio True Story Jesse James Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story – Biography. om . † Bio True Story Famous Biographies & TV Shows – Biography. com . N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. <http://www. biography. com/people/jesse-james-9352646>. Green, Carl R. , and William R. Sanford. Jesse James. Hillside, N. J. , U. S. A. : Enslow Publishers, 1992. Print. Triplett, Frank, Joseph W. Snell, and Jerry Valez. The life, times and treacherous death of Jess e James. Chicago: The Swallow Press, 1970. Print. Stiles, T. J.. Jesse James: last rebel of the Civil War. New York: A. A. Knopf, 2002. Print. Jesse JamesThesis: Jesse James was definitely a rebel of his time. He was an adventurous outlaw who wasn’t scared to give the law a run for their money. Outline: I. Frank and Jesse a. Who they were b. What caused their rebellion acts II. Rebellions c. What caused them d. Who helped them Riley 1 Jesse James was the living and his younger brother, Frank were always partners in crime. The brothers got themselves in trouble on a regular basis. Running from the law was a typical thing for the James brothers. Jesse and Frank James always seemed to take the law into their own hands.The actual date Jesse James became famous is known to be December 7th, 1869. *DOC* Jesse James was definitely a rebel of his time. He was an adventurous outlaw who wasn’t scared to give the law a run for their money. Jesse killed eight men in a one day once. After the war, he returned to his home and was the leader of one of history's most notorious outlaw gangs. He was hurt while surrendering at the end of the war, and later said he had been forced into becoming an outlaw because his family had been punished for nothing in the war. The brothers were surprisingly liked all over the US.People looked at the James brothers as a type of ‘Robin Hood’ taking from the rich and giving to the poor, even though there was no real evidence to prove they did. They started robbing banks and trains, quickly spreading their popularity throughout the nation. The James gang was the most feared outlaw gang in history. There are reports that say the gang was estimated to of stolen around $200,000 from all of the bank robberies. Jesse was a very violent man. If he suspected someone to be an enemy, he would kill them right on the spot.Jesse was once reported to be getting change for a $100 bill once and shot a man in the heart because he though t the man was responsible for killing Bloody Bill. *DOC*3 Despite their criminal and often violent acts, James and his partners were much adored. Journalists were almost always excited to sell stories people of the East with tales of a wild West, exaggerated and romanticized the gang's adventures, often making James as a Robin Hood. James did mess Riley 2 with railroad workers who took private land for the railways. The gang was always a hot topic in newspapers everywhere.People feared Jesse James but at the same time he was known as a respected legendary rebel. James married his cousin in 1847. As feared as they were, the James brothers were both known as loving husbands and a good family man. Jesse and his cousin had two children. Jesse had plenty of money and a loving family yet he still continued his life of crime. Some people say Jesse had a â€Å"Love affair with crime† *DOC* band he just couldn’t stop because of the thrill it gave him. James and his famous gang robbed their way across the Western Frontier.They focused on robbing stagecoaches, banks, trains, and even stores. Out of all of the rebellious things Jesse did, he must have been very good at what he did considering he was never captured while doing them. In 1873 the James gang robbed a train, stealing over $3,000 which is equivalent to over $60,000 today. They tried to throw off people by wearing white masks, pretending they were from the Ku Klux Klan. This robbery made James the most famous of the former Guerillas. To show a symbol of threatening centralization the brothers derailed the Rock Island train in Adair, Iowa.Of all the train robberies the James Gang was responsible for they never were reported of stealing from the passengers. Even though they were feared outlaws the gang was surprisingly adored. Journalists and writers were always anxious to interview the gang members, especially Jesse James. The gang wasn’t afraid to go out in public and show themselves. Not st ealing from the passengers is where the Riley 3 idea of Jesse being a â€Å"Robin Hood† because he stole from the train itself, not the innocent people. The downfall of the gang began in September 1876 when they attempted to rob the First National Bank in Minnesota.After a manhunt and the robbery only Frank and James were left un caught and alive. Many of the gang members had been drinking before the robbery and this is what caused the robbery to fail. Two of the gang members were guarding the doors of the bank and this made the citizens suspicious. The cops were soon called and a manhunt began killing and capturing all but Frank and Jesse. After this tragic event Jesse had to recruit people to help him rob the Platte bank which was his last known robbing. *DOC* The James brothers were mostly involved in their gang for a ten year period from 1866 to 1876. DOC* 1 The James brothers were always moving around, avoiding the law. With his brother Frank James and other ex-Confedera tes, with Cole Younger and his brothers, the James gang robbed their way across the Western frontier aiming towards banks, trains, stagecoaches, and stores from Iowa to Texas. Escaping and hiding from even the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, the gang got away with thousands of dollars. James is believed to have carried out the first daylight bank robbery stealing over $60,000 from a bank in Liberty, Missouri.The community always protected them but they were still always on the move. Jesse and Frank planned to do one more robbery alongside Charlie and Bob Ford. Little did the brothers know that the Governor had offered a reward so big that it made the Ford’s turn their backs on the James brothers. Riley 4 On April 3rd, 1882 *DOC* 3 Bob and Jesse were talking a crooked picture on the wall in Jesse’s house. When Jesse turned to straighten the picture Bob shot him in the back of the head, immediately killing Jesse James. The shooting of Jesse caused quite the uproar i n Missouri.The community considered it â€Å"a cowardly assassination† and they were â€Å"outraged at the method used†. *DOC* 3 Frank James soon turned himself in to the police after the death of his beloved brother and partner in crime. The juries did not convict Frank of any of the crimes he was apart of and so Frank walked as a free man. After the tragic death of Jesse James the Ford brothers were hated by everyone. They were known as cowards and traitors. Frank and James had been friends with the Ford brothers for a long time and it was not expected of Bob to shoot Jesse.Bob Ford collected the $10,000 reward for the capture of Jesse James after the murder. The Ford brothers were sentenced to hang for the murder, even though there was a reward for the capture of Jesse before they killed him. The governor of Missouri pardoned the Ford brothers and gave them no punishment for the death of Jesse. Some people say the death of Jesse James was all a hoax and Jesse lived many years after his faked death. It was reported Jesse James ended up living to the age of 103, which was very old, especially back in the 1900s.Ford never admitted to killing James and this left suspicion among the people and Jesse’s loved ones. Many years after the burial of Jesse James the body was tested and it was over 99% likely to be the real Mr. James. The body of the man suspected to be the real Jesse was supposed to be tested at the same time but the bodies were switched and it never did Riley 5 get tested. Even after all of the murders and crimes Jesse James was a part of he died a feared but respected man. He truly was the living definition of a rebellious outlaw!

Nursing Clinical Negligence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Clinical Negligence - Assignment Example The issues which are required to be considered in the risk assessment process are the activities in the context of physical and emotional environment and organisational culture. Moreover, considering the potential number of patients who are likely to be affected, and potential consequences of the hazards are few of the major considerations of a clinical risk assessment process (Logan & Johnstone, 2012). During the process of risk assessment, the implementation of a set of effective and simple steps can be practiced by the nursing staff. The steps associated with an effective risk assessment process have been provided hereunder. The study provided rich understanding regarding the risk assessment process in clinical practice. It has been learnt that the steps associated with risk assessment is a set of simple technique that enables the healthcare institutions to avert different types of clinical risks or hazards. In nursing practices clinical negligence is often reported which has a severe impact on the well-being of patients. Correspondingly, the understanding derived from the study regarding the effectiveness of the risk assessment process and associated steps can be applied to reduce any instances of clinical negligence. Allnutt, S. H. & et. al., 2010. Clinical Risk Assessment & Management: A Practical Manual for Mental Health Clinicians. Justice Health. [Online] Available at: http://www.justicehealth.nsw.gov.au/publications/handbook-february-2011.pdf [Accessed November 09, 2014]. Boland, B., 2010. Clinical Risk Assessment and Management for Individual Service Users: Policy and Procedures. NHS Foundation Trust. [Online] Available at: http://www.hpft.nhs.uk/_uploads/documents/the-trust/freedom-of-info/disclosure/clinical-risk-assessment-and-management.pdf [Accessed November 09, 2014]. Department of Health, 2007. Best Practice in Managing Risk. National Mental Health Risk Management Programme. [Online] Available at:

Influence of Diverse Culture on Change Term Paper

Influence of Diverse Culture on Change - Term Paper Example The paper tells that there are many changes that occur within organizations, changes that define current and future operations and their impact on company goals and objectives. Technological firms often undergo many changes because of the nature of their products and services. Since technology is a highly dynamic concept, it is vital to keep up with it to guarantee success. An example of a change in a technological organization is systems overhaul, which requires leadership and consensus. Systems are the core of technological and even non-technological organizations, and their status determines the success of current and future operations. Currently, most technological companies are developing ways of cultivating a more appealing image that allows them to connect with their customers in ways that improve their lives. Consequently, they focus on employees with different cultural attributes in order to cultivate a more socially relevant image. Culture and leadership are closely related . In fact, they are so closely related that they can be used interchangeably in some contexts. Some cultures have a gender biased outlook of leadership that affects the way the individuals belonging to those cultures perceive and practice leadership. In addition, some cultures hold that leadership comes with status; that any person with a senior position anywhere is automatically a leader. However wrong this may be, it affects leadership. Individuals often practice what they believe in, and it is generally defined by the beliefs and values instilled in them by their communities.

The Changing State of the Education System Essay

The Changing State of the Education System - Essay Example An option which has been forward is the idea of having charter schools as a way for parents who may not be happy with the present public school system that their child, or children, is in at the present time. "Charter Schools are sponsor-created and -administered, outcome-based public schools that operate under a contract between the school and the local school board or the state. To establish a Charter School, certified (in Ohio's case, certificated) teachers and/or other individuals or organizations, such as colleges, cultural institutions, government bodies, or parents, draw up plans for an innovative, outcome-based** school. (Minnesota's 1993 charter legislation allows for sponsors other than teachers.)," (Sautter p.1). A common complaint for many supporters of the public school system is that, to support charter schools, would drain necessary operating funds from an already fiscally strapped school system. Some interesting statistics for charter schools comes from the website fo r the National Study of Charter Schools: Characteristics of Charter Schools. Those statistics are; (1) Charter schools enroll about 0.5 percent of public school students in the charter states. (2) Most charter schools are small, particularly compared to other public schools. Charter schools have an estimated median enrollment of about 150 students, whereas other public schools in the charter states have a median of about 500 students. More than 60 percent of charter schools enroll fewer than 200 students, whereas about 16 percent of other public schools have fewer than 200 students. Charter schools begun in the 1995-96 and 1996-97 school years have a higher proportion of small schools, those fewer than 100 students than schools opened in earlier years. (3) Many charter schools have nontraditional grade configurations. Charter schools include a higher proportion of K-12, K-8, and ungraded schools than other public schools. (4) Most charter schools are newly created schools. An estima ted 62 percent of charter schools were created because of the charter opportunity; the remainder are pre-existing public schools (25 percent) or pre-existing private schools (13 percent) that have converted to charter status. (5) Newly created charter schools tend to be smaller than converted schools. The median school size for newly created schools is 116 students, compared to a median of more than 380 students for pre-existing public schools. (National Study of Charter Schools 1). While the argument for charter schools has always been that they are better capable to educate the youth of today for the challenges of tomorrow, it is important to mention that charter schools are not above the same failures which plague their public counterparts. In a New York Times article dated 8 November 2007, author Sam Dillon details the campaign by Ohio officials to overhaul their charter school system because, surprise, it too is plagued by issues of poor performance. To sum it up, Ohio Governor Ted Strickland is quoted as saying that, "Perhaps somewhere, charter schools have been implemented in a defensible manner, where they have provided quality," he said. "But the way they've been implemented in Ohio has been shameful.

Art in south afric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art in south afric - Research Paper Example These include well-decorated traditional cloths, beautiful beads, tablemats, and simple things such as candleholder. Their art is characterized by innovation, which has enabled South Africans to adapt to local, regional, and international markets. Through art, South Africans have managed to enhance their nation’s identity and uniqueness, while creating jobs, producing social cohesion and social capital. In this case, the manner in which figures are curved establishes a cast of eccentric feature. Artists from South Africa in the fork art have created new ideas such as mock road signs, which are used to depict eccentric information (Stone 79). Art in South Africa is moving from traditional to commercial in the sense that artists have developed high level of skills and knowledge to come up with unique artwork and sell their products to the ready markets from the tourists. South African beads and weaved hats, once used as a symbol of royalty in traditional society has found its use in many things such as development of coverings for products and re-application of red aids ribbon present in the form of Zulu beadworks which earns them some money because of the use of their product. 2. Ceramics and basketry that were perfected in traditional South African society are present in contemporary galleries and shelves. Vocal music is well recognized in South Africa because it reminds them of the old traditional South Africa. This kind of music was communal, associated with dances and other social gatherings to demonstrate unity. Further, the vocal music in South Africa included a well-defined call and response patterns (Stephan 81-4). Instruments such as mouth bow were common in traditional South Africa. Traditional people in South Africa did not have the idea of drums. Influence from the West later introduced new instruments such as concentrina, which were

Crime 3396 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crime 3396 - Assignment Example People are becoming vigilant in protecting themselves against the adversities of e-crime. The first thing is to educate them about the basic requirements of online safety. Second, I will advice them to set up basic protection against malicious software such as viruses and spyware in their computers. If they use computers for transactions, I will help them to install security features to ensure safety of their transactions and information. The consequences of e-crime include financial losses, computer destructions, business interruptions, theft of valuable and confidential data, and exposing children to objectionable sites such as pornography. The e-crime units investigate and provide legal and prosecutorial support for technology-based crimes. The units also develops and implement training programs for judges, law enforcement officers, the public and prosecutors on the necessity of strong information security and being aware of rising e-crimes. Yes, I studied extensively about e-crime during my undergraduate degree. I would suggest that curriculum developers to consider developing computer-based courses that particularly expose children to aspects of e-crime across all academic

Taxation essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Taxation - Essay Example For example, government can come to a decision to impose lofty tax on illegal business to assist discourage the investors from venturing into the enterprises. Further, tax treatment plays an imperative role in determining to which scope the scheme appreciates inter-personal differences in lifetime proceeds. Thus, the procedure of taxation influences the conduct of small enterprises and allotment of resources to outsized firms. In relation to this, vigilant blueprint of savings and taxation leads to equalization of tax load in taxpayers with identical lifetime incomes (Blank 2004, 26). Relating to household saving, populaces save when the sum of money they desire to consume is dissimilar from the income they obtain. For example, some people may find expenditure smoothing hard to attain particularly if they have little returns. Therefore, decisions made by people relies less on long-term philosophy and more on aspiration for immediate indulgence. Finally, populaces save less when they earn smaller amounts yet have high needs. Additionally, due to poor rationality, there is a driving power to the government to build up savings, pensions, and public insurance. Regarding above, taxation consequently directly affects the wellbeing of people predominantly during the periods of joblessness or sequestration. Thus, in order to a faultless tax system, the government should rely broadly upon concepts like tax neutrality in order to structure its assessment (Diamond 2005, 99). This paper provides characteristics that will be able to identify a good tax system for an open economy and particularly suggest how the United Kingdom tax system should be reformed with the aim of making it ideal. The Mirrlee review was as a result of research that was carried by Sir James Mirrlee and his associates with the aim of analyzing and coming up with a

How useful are Marx ideas to understanding the problems and struggles Essay

How useful are Marx ideas to understanding the problems and struggles of our 21st century - Essay Example According to Marx, the problem of society is rooted in equality between classes. Free trade had unmasked the true picture of society by giving us a clear image of â€Å"brutal exploitation† in the face of civilization. In the 21st century, the picture painted by Marx during his time can still be vividly seen and observed all over the world. If you take a closer look at the big establishments that ruled the industries nowadays, you will notice that these companies and are becoming like dynasties where the top ranking corporate executives lord the place and the lives of the employees. Although learned individuals may argue that employment is but a matter of choice, such choice is not easy to make nowadays for the lack of better opportunities available. This scenario is comparable to the time of landlords and serfs where the farmers don’t really have a choice but to toil in the face of unfair conditions for fear that he/she will lose the land and compromise the survival of his/her family. Much as we would like to view labor in our present time as a form of capital, it is still viewed as a form of commodity that people trade and is subject to market fluctuations of supply and demand thus the continuing antagonism between class of individuals such as the skilled and the unskilled labor. This phenomenon cause the prices of labor in other parts of the world to be cheaper than that in the United States and other developed countries.

Module one review parenting skills Essay Example for Free

Module one review parenting skills Essay 1. What are the different parenting styles used by families? Which do you think is better? Why? The first type of parenting styles is the authoritarian style where the parents have all authority and say so in every matter. The second type is the permissive style where the parents are extremely passive and give the children a lot of power. The third is the democratic style of parenting where the parent considers the thoughts and feelings of the children but ultimately they make the decision. The democratic style is my personal favorite because it makes they child feel like their opinion matters but does not give them the power to run all over their parent. 2. What makes a person ready for parenthood? When should an individual consider entering parenthood? Who should postpone parenthood? Should everyone become a parent eventually? Do you think some people should not become parents altogether. I think a person is ready for parenthood when they are financially stable, emotionally stable and have a good support system behind them to help them raise a child whether that means they are married or they have family. I think an individual should consider entering parenthood when they had all of the things previously stated meaning that they are ready and when they are 100% sure that they ready and that they are not being pressured into it. I think that young people, newlyweds, and people with any doubt at all should postpone parenthood. I do not think that everyone is meant to be a parent so not everyone should eventually become one, some people are better off not having children. I think there are people in this world who should never have chi ldren altogether because they are not capable of providing a safe and loving home for them.

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Terrorism Politics Essay

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Terrorism Politics Essay Bacevichs comments regarding the ability of the United States of America to understand the conflicts it finds itself, to identify current and future threats and to prepare for the future is a symbol of the difficulty facing many states as they try and identify how to prepare their future national security policies and strategies. The challenges faced by states are reflected in the difficulties faced by academic researchers who also spend considerable time, effort and money on trying to solve the same problem. In the last ten years, a particular term has been used to describe the latest threat to global security, the Global War on Terror. The events of September 11th have brought about a greater interest in the subject of terrorism, a field of study which has grown by 85% since 1968 (SCHMID AND JONGMAN, 1988). That percentage will have increased greatly in the twenty-two years since Schmid and Jongmans study. It is surprising to consider that a greater study of terrorism was not carried out in the 1920s, considering that the Great War was started by the actions of a small and relatively unknown anarchic terrorist group. Similar to Insurgency, the field grows in strength as it becomes more widely used by actors in resistance to Western States on a large scale as the development of Western conventional warfare hegemony has grown. This essay seeks to identify where the field of terrorism studies has developed its greatest strengths and its greatest weaknesses in recent literature (defined as post 2004) and to discover whether or not the field, as it has grown ever more popular since the World Trade Centre attacks in 2001 (FRIEDRICHS, 2006), has moved on and developed. It will first discuss the question of the definition of Terrorism. It will then debate whether the habit of transient researchers has added or detracted from the field. Taking these two areas into consideration, it will consider the methodologies of Orthodox and Critical Terrorism studies and will show the development of new theories has been constrained by a use of secondary sources and the habit of lazy researching (SILKE, 2004).Finally, overall it will attempt to balance the strengths and weaknesses in the field to identify the challenges facing terrorism studies. It is important at this stage to try and define two key terms, Research and Terrorism. Research in itself is broken into three key areas; the exploratory, the descriptive and the explanatory (ROBSON, 1993). The effort of any field or discipline of study is to bring newly discovered information created from primary resources and statistics, describe it to other researchers and interested parties and then use that information to explain why events happen and then use that information to form models and theories to predict what effect may happen in the future (SILKE, 2004a). The second term to be defined is terrorism. The greatest challenge facing Terrorism research is certainly the definitional one. Schmid and questioned over one-hundred scholars to define terrorism (SCHMID AND JONGMAN, 1988). They responded with over 109 separate definitions .There is still no universal definition for terror, despite many worldwide organisations attempt to create one and despite forty years of wrangling over the subject, there has been little development. For the purposes of this essay, the use of the United Nations Security Council Shepherd Resolution 1566 definition, which refers to it as: criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act (S-RES-1566, 20 04). However, it must be remembered that this is not an official UN definition and is not used universally by UN member states. The challenges of attempting to research a subject in which no universal definition has been agreed upon will be discussed in detail below. THE DEFINITION DEBATE Before we can begin to understand Terrorism we must first of all decide what it is. Despite the actions by organisations generally described as terrorist for well over one-hundred years, the study of terrorism still suffers from the lack of a specific and legal definition of terrorism. As C. A. J. Coady wrote The definitional question is essentially irresolvable by appeal to ordinary language alone since terrorism as a concept is not ordinary (COADY, 2001). For some, such as the hegemonic power of the day (in the modern context, we should read United States) and for those fighting their own wars against separatists or insurgents using non-conventional tactics this lack of a legal definition could be used as an advantage (FRIEDRICHS, 2006). The post-2001 War on Terror during the Bush era was served by the lack of a universal definition as it allowed some nations to describe their own personal fights as part of this global war on terror. The United States, United Kingdom and even Russi a were particularly guilty of this as they implied affiliations with Arab nationals and Islamic organisations with that of terror groups and even state terror, despite there being no evidence of collaboration between the main perpetrator Al Qaeda and the Wests long term adversary Iraq. Even in Russia with the Beslan school siege, it was found that the terrorist actors had only two Arab members out of thirty-one hostage takers (DE WAAL, 2004). For the UK it was useful to secure the peace laid out in the Good Friday agreement with Irish terrorism, which had been held up by naÃÆ' ¯ve Irish-Americans believing they were supporting a cause against an Imperial power. Terrorism then in its contemporary stance, is an essentially contested concept employed to meet the needs of those applying the term (WEINBERG AND EUBANK, 2008). For those countries opposed to the War on Terror, which for them was simply an excuse for an invasion of Iraq, a universal and legal definition of terror would give them a legal basis for preventing state intervention into countries opposing the United States and their followers economic and military hegemony (FRIEDRICHS, 2006). It is also important to note how definitions over time have changed in order to suit the time in the states dealing with terror, as any definition would not be useful without a contemporary analysis of the threat of the day. This would certainly be a demonstration of why pre-1968 terrorism was not of much of a concern as it has been post-1968: Why worry about a definition of terrorism when your concerns are of conventional threats from neighbouring states? The first attempts at defining terror came through the League of Nations after numerous assassination attempts were made in the mid 1930s, with King Alexander I of Yugoslavia assassinated by Croatian separatists while on a state visit to France (WALTERS, 1969). As the murder was found to be political, the escaped separatists hiding in Italy could not be extradited under a treaty made in 1870, which excluded political acts. It is important to note at this time, which would be a theme to follow other attempts at definition, that the final resolution by the League of Nations showed terrorism to be of a political angle: (3) to punish terrorist outrages which have an international character (SAUL, 2005). The treaty was signed by a small number of signatories, ratified by only India and never brought into law. With the advent of the Second World War and the end of the League of Nations, the resolution was quickly forgotten. It did however, set a number of important precedents: 1. That a universal definition of Terrorism needs to be reached through multilateral consensus through a forum of a worldwide organisation (in modern terms, the United Nations or possibly on a limited scale, the European Union). 2. That Terrorism was a political act. 3. That states should refrain from any act designed to encourage terrorist activities directed against another State and to prevent acts in which such activities take shape (1937, LEAGUE CONVENTION).. In effect, this banned state sponsored terrorism. 4. Finally, that acts of terrorism are acts directed against a State and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons, or a group of persons or the general public (1937, LEAGUE CONVENTION). This eliminates the possibility of a State using terror against its own population but does allow Terrorism to be committed by a state against another state. Terrorism researches would be sharp to note that political understanding is the key aspect to understanding terror. It is also quite important to note such a resolution, should it have been enforced by signatories had it been ratified on a wider scale, would most likely have prevented state intervention on humanitarian grounds as states were not classed as being able to be terrorists. The use of the armed forces in foreign and civil wars was not included in the resolution to prevent their use being defined as an act of terror (SAUL, 2005). The agenda has, after a number of starts and stops since the 1937 resolution, returned to the United Nations. Since almost all international action into other states in this last 10 years has some way been connected or has been implied to be connected to terrorist actions, it is of little surprise (PETERSON, 2004). The growth of international conventions which have yet to bring about a universal legal basis gives a great deal of guidance and a strong start in the search for a definition, but has failed to create the sought after legal framework. It is also important to note that with a change in administration within the United States which has changed US foreign policy from unilateral action to that of multilateral approaches has also brought about a need for the hegemonic powers to define who the universal enemy is as predicted by Jorg Friedrich (FRIEDRICHS, 2006) and that a floating and independent definition of who the enemy is no longer serves the purposes of the coalition of th e willing, a group that were unable to even decide who the common enemy was. A definition that explains who the universal enemy to all states is (i.e. al Qaeda) will greatly enhance states ability to combat it (FRIEDRICHS, 2006), allow Terrorism researchers to focus their efforts on moving past the exploratory stage of research and allow all to generate theories on explaining and preventing further terror events. As Silke states, What is terrorism? What makes a terrorist act? What makes a group a terrorist group? These are such basic questions; and yet satisfactory answers continue to elude the field (SILKE, 2004a). Until we are able to answer these questions, terrorism research will be confined to the exploratory and descriptive stages of research. FASHIONABLE FADS It is of no surprise that Schmid and Jongman identify 1968 as the year in which interest in terrorism grew in the academic and lay community and it is of little surprise that the level of interest has grown massively with continuous references to the events of 9/11 (GORDON, 2004). Many academics from other disciplines will have identified terrorism as an interesting field of study to begin to analyse from their own perspective and their own particular specialism. Andrew Silke identifies these individuals as transient authors (SILKE, 2004a) and notes that over 80% of terrorism research articles were from one-timers (SILKE, 2004b), who applied their subject expertise to the new fashionable fad of terrorism studies. Avishag Gordon also discusses the issue of transient authors in great detail, stating that Terrorism as a research field lacks constancy and the commitment of researchers to the field (GORDON, 2007), a sentiment shared by Silke who states that they are simply after a one-off publication and have no real interest in the field (SILKE, 2004a). Silke also writes about Ariel Merari who is particularly scathing towards contributors who are unfamiliar with terrorism research. It is said that usually a contribution of this kind is well-grounded in the empirical and theoretical findings of the writers particular area of expertise, but lacking in knowledge in terrorismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (MERARI, 1991). It is perhaps understandable to see where these seasoned terrorism researchers are coming from; Silkes study in 2004 following on from Schmid and Jongmans study in 1988, shows that over 75% of works from 1990-1999 comes from authors whose backgrounds are political sciences, government departments, consultancy, sociology and psychology respectively (SILKE, 2004b). However, it is perhaps a little short sighted to simply write off one-time contributors to the field as people who simply felt that had something to contribute to the juicy subject of terrorism (MERARI, 1991). Instead, we can quickly identify areas in which these outside disciplines have considerably strengthened the field of terrorism studies. First of all, let us consider the motivations and backgrounds of those who study terrorism as their main subject of interest. Many are Military personnel, police officers, Government Officials and spies; all who, in some regards, deal with terrorism as some aspect of their job. Their interest in this subject comes from their desire to improve their capacity to work within their vocation, but what are they likely to bring to the debate? Most may bring a good deal of experience to the subject but experience is not something terrorism researchers are lacking; it is an understanding of the psychology, sociology and economics that motivate an individual to resort to terrorism. Military units are well known for their failures in dealing with civilian populations; the United States militarys inability to quell insurgency in Vietnam and their heavy handedness in Iraq after the 2003 which generated a near civil-war are two easy examples to find. And this is not simply a US military problem. R ussian actions in Chechnya, Israeli actions in Palestine and British actions in Aden are three other examples of how militaries failed to understand the causes, and thus create resolutions too, the problems they faced. As a result, any research which brings a fresh and unexpected look and well grounded in the empirical and theoretical (MERARI, 1991) would bring knowledge and primary source information into the field which would otherwise not exist. They also bring with them greater knowledge of empirical analysis Secondly, statistics do not always speak the whole truth. Though there are admittedly a large number of one-off contributors to the field since 2000, many authors have actually combined their knowledge of psychology, sociology and economics with that of terrorism to move their research on from the exploratory stage of research and into the explanatory. For example Walter Enders and Todd Sandler have co-written numerous articles and works on the subjects of terrorism and its effects on economics, tourism and transnational policies for dealing with terrorism. Enders and Sandler are also not alone in bringing knowledge from other disciplines into the field. Gordon discusses the research of another academic, who look into transient researchers in other fields to see how many conduct continuous research. Hawkins in 1978, who analysed the literature of Gas Compounds, discovered that only 4.7% of researchers continued to study in the field for more than ten years, compared with 66.4% who co ntributed only for one year (GORDON, 2007). Despite the protestations of Silke, Merari and even Gordon himself, Gordon appears to have shown that terrorism studies is not alone in the number of transient academics who contribute. Since 2001, it has also been financially easier for researchers to get funding from state sources, as the needs of governments to counter the rise of Terrorism is able to generate a new host of researchers who will stick with the subject (WEINBERG AND EUBANK, 2008) Thirdly, as Meadows describes in 1998, who sees intellectual mobility as an inevitable trend that marks the rise of new topics in the sciences (GORDON, 2007) which can bring new subjects and new areas unbeknown otherwise to the fore. Leydesdorff Wagner go further to say that continuant authors are the core of the field of research. They attract transient authors to contribute to the field, bringing new information (LEYDESDORFF WAGNER, 2005). It should then be considered a strength to terrorism studies in which transient authors decide to contribute to the field of study by bringing in expertise in the disciplines of economics, psychology and sociology, knowledge which would either be left out from studies or would slow down the progress of terrorism research as academics spend more term learning the details of other disciplines. It can be seen that many of these authors do become continuant authors, as the likes of Enders and Sandler have shown. THE GOOD AND THE EVIL Perhaps one of the greatest failing of Terrorism is studies is explaining why individuals and groups feel the need to resort to Terror through a theoretical basis. Gaetano Ilardi suggests that the focus of terrorism studies has been lost as researchers become focused on areas of less concern, which importantly has prevented the development of a sound theoretical understanding of the dynamics of terrorism (ILARDI, 2004). The basis for this assumption, which Richard Jackson (JACKSON, 2007) concurs with, is that Terrorism studies has been distracted by a so-called New Terrorism (JACKSON, 2007) since September 11th, which has gripped the attention of the world at large through a them-and-us perception of good and evil. Ilardi points out Bush used the word evil eleven times on his 11th October 2001 speech (ILARDI, 2004) to point the new war on terror as simply a battle against good and evil. It is of no surprise then, that 90% of Terrorism scholarly articles have been written since Septem ber 11th (SHEPHERED, 2007) This debate on good against evil in the war on terror has long been criticised as preventing further development at the political level. As challenges in Iraq grew in 2005/06, the Iraq study group noted that Many Americans are dissatisfied, not just with the situation in Iraq but with the state of our political debate regarding Iraqà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Our country deserves a debate that prizes substance over rhetoric. (IRAQ STUDY GROUP, 2006). As many reports on Terror and Terrorists is written from an us perspective from Governmental and Security departments of Western nations, the general assumption that Western democratic way of living is the right way (HUNTINGDON, 1997) has resulted in policy makers and Terror researchers believing that Western democracy can solve Terror problems in other countries, which Huntingdon described as the West and the rest (HUNTINGDON, 1997). Ilardi points out that the USA and its Western allies believe in their core values of law, democracy, freedom and pe ace (ILARDI, 2004) and also shows how the Bush era rhetoric rarely discusses the war on terror and democracy as separate issues. The inability to separate foreign policy and the exportation of Western democracy from the fundamentals of Terrorism research has prevented the field from maturing beyond a comic book perception of Good Vs. Evil. This rhetoric prevents researchers from developing an understanding of, for example, bin Laden as a declaration of evil absolves the need for Western states to understand their decisions, reasons and policies (ILARDI, 2004). It encourages fear, bias and obscures the root of the problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and denies the perpetrator even the slightest degree of legitimacy, so their grievances are at best incidental (ILARDI, 2004). This moralistic perspective, as described by Dr Richard Jackson, is deeply antithetical to scientific inquiry, which calls for a more dispassionate and less moralistic analysis of the evidence (JACKSON, 2007). Such an approach would not only assist with the finding of a definition, but also finally quell the most over-stated phrase in Terrorism studies that ones terrorist is anothers freedom fighter, a statement which hugely over-simplifies the difficulties faced by students of Terrorism. In order to move the Terrorism debate forward, Jackson suggests a move away from Orthodox Terrorism Studies (which is branded by (1) its poor methods and theories, (2) its state centricity, (3) its problem solving orientation, and (4) its institutional and intellectual links to state security projects) and towards Critical Terrorism Studies (JACKSON, 2007), which, as the name suggest, a far more skeptical approach to current assumed Terrorism knowledge (Jackson, 2007). Jacksons argument can be seen to support the inclusion of experts in other fields delivering fresh perspectives, compared to that of Silke, Merari and Gordon who are far more snobbish when it comes to transients. In response to Jacksons criticisms, Horgan and Boyle (2008) indicate that most scholars are well aware of the difficulties faced with Terrorism research, writing An implicit presumption from this is that terrorism scholars have laboured for all of these years without being aware that their area of study has an implicit bias, as well as definitional and methodological problems (HORGAN AND BOYLE, 2008). However, Horgan and Boyles argument does not deal with the problem at hand; if the issues in Terrorism studies are based around a moralistic bias, a lack of definitions and failures in methodology it is not excusable to simple mention that researchers are aware of these difficulties without attempting to overcome them. This habit of making excuses for Terrorism research failures appears to be quite common, with Weinberg and Eubank writing Andrew Silke, Marc Sageman, Alex Schmid and a long list of other investigators have called our attention to significant and long-term flaws in how ter rorism has been studied since the phenomenon itself reappeared in the 1960s (WEINBERG AND EUBANK, 2008). The critics of Critical Terrorism Studies put forward by Jackson appear to be far more concerned with protecting the Orthodox methods of research (which will be discussed in detail next in this essay), despite recognising its flaws, instead of working to overcome them. If they are widely recognized by a wide number of researchers and authors, why are they still so prominent? The last aspect of the Good Vs. Evil debate is the question of State Terror. Ever since the League of Nations convention ruled out the State as being capable of committing Terror, it has been a limited area of study. Jackson highlights this, saying Of particular concern is that, with only a few notable exceptions, terrorism studies has failed to engage with the issues and practices of state terrorism (JACKSON, 2007). Andrew Silke in his 2004 study shows that only 12 out of 490 journals addressed the question of State Terror (SILKE, 2004b). As the growth in Terrorism studies has been funded by a need from Governmental organisations and security services focused on the states needs against opposing organisations, this is not a surprise. Working that Terrorism and its definition is useful for the state itself, it is only post-September 11th that the US and its Western allies have at all been interested in State Terror, as it would allow them to cry out against nations which, according t o them, Terrorise their own population (Iran is an excellent example here). Weinberg and Eubank argue against Jackson, saying The critical terrorism studies claims about the ideological bias and state-centric nature of conventional terrorism studies seems complex and requires a more extended reaction (WEINBERG AND EUBANK, 2008). However, once again the supporters of Orthodox Terrorism Studies appear to have missed the point; researchers should not be relying solely on Governments sponsoring research in their fight against the Evil in the world as the Good Guys. They should instead be taking an objective and empirical approach to analysing the causes and solutions to Terrorism, avoid a state-centric angle which would prevent the Good Vs. Evil debate and finally rid us of the freedom fighters and terrorists statement. Shepherd, Jessica, The Rise and Rise of Terrorism Studies, The Guardian (2007) The Iraq Study Group, (2006) The Iraq Study Group Report, Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, December Jackson, Richard, The core commitments of critical terrorism studies, European political science: (2007) LEYDESDORFF WAGNER, Network structure, self-organization, and the growth of international collaboration in science, George Washington University Center for International Science and Technology Policy (2005) Merari, Ariel, Terrorism and Political Violence, Volume 3, Issue 1 Spring 1991 , pages 88 102 Schmid, Alex and Jongman, Albert, Political Terrorism: a New Guide To Actiors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction books, 1988). Robson, Colin, Real World Research (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993) Silke, Andrew, (A) Research on Terrorism in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Portland, 2004) Silke, Andrew, (B) The Road Less Travelled in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Portland, 2004) Ilardi, G. (2004) Redefining the Issues: The Future of Terrorism Research and the Search for Empathy, in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Portland, 2004) United Nations Security Council Resolution S-RES-1566(2004) in 2004 (retrieved 06/01/2010) Gordon, AVISHAG, Terrorism and Knowledge Growth: A Databases and Internet Analysis in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Portland, 2004) Gordon, AVISHAG, Transient and continuant authors in a research field: The case of terrorism, Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 2 (2007) 213-224 FRIEDRICHS, JORG, Defining the International Public Enemy: The Political Struggle behind the Legal Debate on International Terrorism (Leiden Journal of International Law, 19 2006), de Waal, Thomas, Chechnya: War on terror legends debunked, (Index on Censorship www.indexonline.org, November 18, 2004) 1937 League Convention, in International Conference Proceedings, supra n. 32, annex I, p. 5; and 1937 Convention for the Creation of an International Criminal Court, in International Conference Proceedings, supra, n. 32. Peterson, M. J. , Using the General Assembly, in J. Boulden and T. G.Weiss (eds.), Terrorism and the UN: Before and After September 11 (2004) Coady, C. A. J., Terrorism, Encyclopedia of Ethics, Lawrence C . Becker (ed.) (New York: Garland, 2001). Weinberg, Leonard and Eubank, William(2008) Problems with the critical studies approach to the study of terrorism, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1: 2, 185 195 Horgan, John and Boyle, Michael J.(2008) A case against Critical Terrorism Studies, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1: 1, 51 64

Weaknesses of Esther and Plath Exposed in Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar E

Weaknesses of Esther and Plath Exposed in The Bell Jar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The glass of which a bell jar is constructed is thick and suffocating, intending to preserve its ornamental contents but instead traps in it stale air.   The thickness of the bell jar glass prevents the prisoner from clearly seeing through distortion.   Sylvia Plath writes with extreme conviction, as The Bell Jar is essentially her autobiography.   The fitting title symbolizes not only her suffocation and mental illness, but also the internal struggle of Plath's alter ego and novel protagonist Esther Greenwood.   The novel illustrates the theme confinement by highlighting the weaknesses of both Esther and Plath.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Esther's first statement, "It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted the Rosenbergs"   (1) sets the tone for the novel and establishes her preoccupation with death.   She alludes to no remorse at the loss of life but rather concentrates on the wonder of execution. This style allows the reader to see the development of confinement; that is, Esther's preoccupation with death entraps her within herself.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is perhaps her over-analysis of situations that causes the manifestations of her psyche; she consistently volleys between multiple possibilities, searching for the most fruitful option.   The novel's theme is consistently shown as a mental battle of Esther versus herself, a direct result of her mental illness.      It is obvious that Esther is at a crossroads and feels torn by life.   She best describes her feelings with the following passage:   "I saw myself in the crotch of this fig tree, starving to death, just because I couldn't make up my mind which of the figs I would choose.   I wanted each a... ... her a strong person.    Works Cited and Consulted: Brennan, Sheila M. "Popular Images of American Women in the 1950's." Women's Rights Law Reporter 14 (1992): 41-67. Bronfen, Elizabeth. Sylvia Plath. Writers and Their Work. Plymouth, UK: Northcote, 1998. Evans, Sara M. Role Models of Women in America. New York: Free-Simon, 1989. Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. Twentieth Anniversary Edition. 1963. New York: Norton, 1983. Nizer, Louis. The Implosion Conspiracy. New York: Doubelday, 1973. Plath, Sylvia. The Bell Jar. 1963. London: Faber, 1966. Radosh, Ronald, and Joyce Milton, eds. The Rosenberg File: A Search for the Truth. 1983. New Haven: Yale UP, 1997. Stevenson, Anne. Bitter Fame: A Life of Sylvia Plath. London: Viking-Penguin, 1989. Wagner-Martin, Linda. Sylvia Plath: A Biography. New York: Simon, 1987.   

The Maturation of Telemachus in Homers Odyssey Essay -- Odyssey essay

The Maturation of Telemachus in Homer's Odyssey       The Odyssey was a great book in which many characters were brought out and developed.   The most significant development that occured in the epic was the development of Telemachus.   Telemachus is a very complex character that Homer develops from beginning to end.   From the beginning when is a mere shadow of his father to near the end in which he is considered just as courageous.   Many factors influence Telemachus as he matures into a man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To begin with his name means "Far from Battle".   This was given to him because he was born when the male generations of his parents were going off to the Trojan War.  But the name proves to be ironic, for the epic ends with Telemachus taking part in two battles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not having any father figures as a child severely effects Telemachus.   He becomes a timid, shy and spineless boy who is greatly pampered by his mother.   He is not helped by being the son of a world-famous father- a difficult reputation to live up to.   This lack of motivation and assertive behavior does not help Telemachus when the suitors start eating away at his estate.   Telemachus knows what the suitors are doing is wrong but yet does not do anything about it.   Telemachus foolishly hopes that his father will come and clean up the mess that the suitors are to blame for.   Telemachus knows that his father would handle the situation with the suitors in a much more aggressive manner than he does.   Odysseus would kill all of them for being treacherous beings, while Telemachus does nothing but whine.   Telemachus says "how his noble father might come back out of the blue, drive the suitors headlong from the house, and so regain his loyal honors, ... ...us and his son fight side by side against the suitors. It is clear at this point that the old Telemachus is gone and all that is there is a new brave, bold and thoughtful Telemachus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Homer does a wonderful job in maturing Telemachus during the course of this book.   It is delightful to see a young, foolish boy grow into the proud man that he became.   Pallas Athene helped get the wheels in motion but it takes true hero to get places and keep the status that he gains.   We last see him standing within the accurate order of the clan of Odysseus, when Grandfather Laertes, Odysseus, and Telemachus, all in armor, all defending the ancestral estate receive the blessing of Pallas Athene and of Zeus. Works Cited and Consulted Homer, The Odyssey, ed. W. Shewring Oxford University Press, 1980. Tracy, Stephen V. The Story of the Odyssey Princeton UP 1990

I-function and AI :: Biology Essays Research Papers

I-function and AI The idea of creative and intelligent nonhumans is at once exciting and extremely useful. Wouldn't it be great to have a computer assistant that could anticipate your needs, or come up with novel solutions on its own? Scientists have often compared the function of the nervous system to computer programming, but does this comparison translate to an actual causal relationship? The way physics describes communication between computer parts in a binary system remarkably resembles the communications between neurons in the body. When considering the brain, science only looks at the physical components. If this physicality is sufficient to explain behavior then we can recreate this mechanism artificially in a computer. Thus, on the surface creating a computer that also shares the human behavior of intelligence and functions of the mind seems possible. To explore the possibilities of artificial intelligence, AI, this paper will consist of four sections. First, we will examine how computer programs and AI systems work. Then, the possibility of comparing these to the mind will be explored. A criterion for intelligence and consciousness will be derived with which to evaluate AI. Finally, the standards will be applied to current AI programs and tests. In conclusion, future for AI will be explored. Computers and Programming Computer programming breaks down to a simple code of on and off circuits, 1's and 0's-- binary code. AI addresses the cognitive skills of solving problems, learning and understanding language (4). Researchers use weak AI as a tool for merely modeling mind systems, whereas strong AI is a mind itself and presents its own set of cognitive explanations (6). AI systems of artificial neural fields compose response rules for themselves based on notions of the present situation. Expert systems, another branch of AI, consist of a knowledge base and a reasoning engine. Systems perform specific tasks by applying the built in knowledge to the task with an interference engine, a reasoning structure (4). Processing relies on rule-based system of if-then statements to form a line of reasoning. The programming of chess programs such as Deep Blue uses this type of limited intellectual mechanisms (5). Other AI programs try to mimic human understanding in language. Weizenbaum's ELIZA program models human communication by engaging in conversation, through asking questions based on responses of a user (6). Another program by Schank simulates human understanding of a story and answers implicit questions about it given a representation of the information presented in the story. I-function and AI :: Biology Essays Research Papers I-function and AI The idea of creative and intelligent nonhumans is at once exciting and extremely useful. Wouldn't it be great to have a computer assistant that could anticipate your needs, or come up with novel solutions on its own? Scientists have often compared the function of the nervous system to computer programming, but does this comparison translate to an actual causal relationship? The way physics describes communication between computer parts in a binary system remarkably resembles the communications between neurons in the body. When considering the brain, science only looks at the physical components. If this physicality is sufficient to explain behavior then we can recreate this mechanism artificially in a computer. Thus, on the surface creating a computer that also shares the human behavior of intelligence and functions of the mind seems possible. To explore the possibilities of artificial intelligence, AI, this paper will consist of four sections. First, we will examine how computer programs and AI systems work. Then, the possibility of comparing these to the mind will be explored. A criterion for intelligence and consciousness will be derived with which to evaluate AI. Finally, the standards will be applied to current AI programs and tests. In conclusion, future for AI will be explored. Computers and Programming Computer programming breaks down to a simple code of on and off circuits, 1's and 0's-- binary code. AI addresses the cognitive skills of solving problems, learning and understanding language (4). Researchers use weak AI as a tool for merely modeling mind systems, whereas strong AI is a mind itself and presents its own set of cognitive explanations (6). AI systems of artificial neural fields compose response rules for themselves based on notions of the present situation. Expert systems, another branch of AI, consist of a knowledge base and a reasoning engine. Systems perform specific tasks by applying the built in knowledge to the task with an interference engine, a reasoning structure (4). Processing relies on rule-based system of if-then statements to form a line of reasoning. The programming of chess programs such as Deep Blue uses this type of limited intellectual mechanisms (5). Other AI programs try to mimic human understanding in language. Weizenbaum's ELIZA program models human communication by engaging in conversation, through asking questions based on responses of a user (6). Another program by Schank simulates human understanding of a story and answers implicit questions about it given a representation of the information presented in the story.

Heat of Solidification Lab-Writeup

Introduction In chemistry, substances require a certain amount of energy in the form of average kinetic energy (temperature) to freeze. To reach the temperature a substance requires to freeze, it must lose a certain amount of heat energy (a form of energy transferred from one object to another, because of a temperature difference). When a substance reaches its freezing point and begins to freeze, its temperature remains constant until it is completely frozen.However, in order to melt a substance must go through a energy change, creating the problem, â€Å"What energy changes occur when a liquid solidifies? †. To solve the problem, a hypothesis was proposed, stating â€Å"When a substance begins to solidify, it releases heat energy, because a substance must reach its heat of solidification (heat required to freeze) by losing a certain amount of heat, in order to solidify†. In order to test this hypothesis, a experiment was performed. Materials and MethodsIn the experimen t, the materials required were 1 wax sample in a test tube with the weight of the test tube labeled, a 250 mL beaker, a ringstand, a wire gauze, a graduated cylinder, a Bunsen Burner, a styrofoam calorimeter, and a thermometer. To perform the experiment, first the calorimeter was filled with 100 mL of water using a graduated cylinder, and the temperature of the water was found and recorded. Next, the beaker was filled 3/4 full with water and placed on the stand of the ringstand above a gently burning flame from the Bunsen Burner.Then, the mass of the test tube and wax was found and recorded, and the tube was placed in the beaker. After the wax in the tube melted, the tube was placed in the calorimeter, using a wire gauze. Lastly, once the wax in the tube solidified, the temperature of the water in the calorimeter was measured and recorded. Results Data Recorded During Experiment Mass wax and test tube41. 2 gramsTemperature water after heating26 ? C Mass empty test tube21. 0 gramsTem perature water before heating16 ? C Mass wax20. 2 gramsTemperature change10 ? CVolume water used100 mLMass of water used100 grams In the data table above, the mass of the wax was found by subtracting the mass of the empty test tube from the mass of the wax and test tube, giving an answer of 20. 2 g. To find the volume of water used, the mass of the water was multiplied by the density of the water, giving an answer of 100 g. To find the temperature change of the water, the temperature of the water after heating was subtracted by the temperature of the water before heating, giving an answer of 10 ? C. CalculationsAfter the experiment, the heat gained by the water from the wax in the calorimeter was calculated using the formula q = mC? T, where C equaled 4. 18 J/g * ? C. After the corresponding values were plugged in, the equation: 100g(4. 18 J/g * ? C. )(26? C-16? C) was created and solved for an answer of 4180 J of heat gained. After the amount of heat gained was found, the heat rele ased per gram of wax (heat of solidification) was calculated using the equation: 4180 J/20. 2g, giving an answer of 206. 93 J released per gram of wax.Although the heat released per gram of wax, found through the calculations, was 206. 93 J, the accepted value was 150. 0 J/g, because of this, the percent error was calculated using the formula:(measured – actualactual)100. After the values were plugged in, giving the equation:(206. 93 J/g – 150. 0 J/g150. 0 J/g)100, the percent error was found to be 38%. Discussion After the results were found, a conclusion was drawn up supporting the hypothesis. In the experiment, the temperature of the water increased from 16 ? C to 26 ? C after the wax solidified.This showed that the wax must have released heat energy, in order to cause the temperature of the water to change, due to temperature requiring heat to change. In a experiment, there are many different possible sources of scientific error. In the experiment that was preforme d, two possible sources of error were determined. The first source of error found was, the thermometer may have miss-measured the temperature of the water after the wax solidified, too high or low, which would have caused the heat of solidification to be too high or low.The other source of error was the wax may not have fully solidified, which would have made the heat of solidification too low, due to the wax not fully releasing its heat energy. To better understand the experiment that was preformed, summery questions were asked. The first question asked was, â€Å"The heat of combustion of wax is 45,000 J/g. Explain why there is such a large difference between the heat of solidification and heat of combustion in terms of the type of change†.To answer the question, a response was made: â€Å"Due to the heat of combustion of wax being the heat released from the chemical reaction between oxygen and wax, it is a chemical change and because the heat of solidification of wax is a physical change and chemical changes release a significantly larger amount of heat then physical changes, the heat of combustion of wax releases a much larger amount of heat†. The second question asked was â€Å"The amount of heat released by the solidifying was is equal in magnitude to the amount of heat that the wax absorbed when it melted.Explain why this is so in terms of the arrangement of molecules in liquids vs. solids†. To respond to this question the response: â€Å"In order to change the arrangement of molecules from a solid to a liquid state, the wax must absorb a certain amount of heat and in order to return to a solid state, it must release the energy it absorbed. In the last question, the following was asked: â€Å"Predict the effect of the change in the mass of the wax used or volume of water in the calorimeter on the following parameters.Assume all variables remain constant other then the one listed. If twice the amount of wax or half the amount of wa ter was used in the experiment, how would the temperature, heat absorbed by the water and the calculated heat of solidification change. Explain your predictions for the heat of solidification†. In the answer responding to the question, it was stated, â€Å"both the temperature and heat absorbed by the water would increase, however the heat of solidification would stay the same, due to the wax continuing to release the same amount of heat per gram of wax.

Miss Havisham & Lady Macbeth similarities/differences Essay

En gà ©nà ©ral, je dois admettre que j’aime le sport. Je pense cette parce que je le trouve particulià ¨rement intà ©ressant et trà ¨s agrà ©able. À mon avis, un sport d’à ©quipe est infiniment mieux qu’un sport individuel. Cependant, il faut jouer au football individuellement puis que quand vous avez la balle, vous jouez par vous-mà ªme. Le sport est bien pour tu comme c’est exercices votre les muscles. J’adore le sport à   l’à ©cole car il aide tu faire copains et aussi c’est amonceler de amusant. À jouer le football, il faut faire du l’exercice souvent et rà ©gulià ¨rement manger là ©gume, des fruits et boire d’eau beaucoup. Fondamentalement tu dois manger la nourriture saine. Je vous conseille il ne faut pas manger des bonbons ou tout nourriture sucrà ©e parce que c’est trà ¨s mauvais pour les dents et spà ©cialement le cÅ“ur. Pendant le football vous devez porter les jambià ¨res sous vos chaussettes parce que ce sera de protà ©ger votre jambe de se blesser. Prochaine semaine j’ai un match de football avec l’à ©cole des mon amis. Antibiotics are chemicals that we use to treat infection, often bacterial infections. They work by either killing the bacteria or by stopping them dividing and growing. Some work by interfering with enzymes that are essential in the replication of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) in the bacterial cells or in protein synthesis. Some work just by blocking the sites where enzymes usually join to the substrate, so they can’t join on and catalyse the reaction. The parent DNA molecule unravels itself and becomes 2 individual strands that stand on either end. The two strands exposed. Free nucleotides are floating in the nucleoplasm and they attach to the exposed bases. A pairs with T, whilst C pairs with G. This process makes sure that the replication procedure is happening exact. The nucleotide joining together is caused by DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase splits the DNA into two separate stran ds and the mRNA (procedures regarding transcription and translation) makes a copy of the split DNA. The mRNA then breaks off from the DNA and finds itself a ribosome to attach to which then allows the ribosome to absorb the mRNA and tRNA details and by doing this, the correct code for the amino acid has been found. Enzymes are very important in the process of DNA replication because if there weren’t any enzymes then the  whole process wouldn’t have been even able to be carried out. DNA polymerases have responsibility to create the bonding of nucleotides and for replacing primers. These things have to happen in order for DNA replication to take place. Protein synthesis is a major part in the body’s growth and changes. It helps with the production of amino acid chains which are there for protein. However, the main importance of protein synthesis is the production of endless varieties of enzymes that are there for different reactions and movements made by the body. A body cannot function without enzymes and protein synthesis is needed for our existence.

Exercise and Heart Essay

Introduction Aim: Finding out how exercise affects the heart rate and breathing rate. Hypothesis: Exercise exists in different forms and has many benefits; it improves the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, development of bones, strengthens muscles and the lungs capacity plus it can make you feel good. There are different exercises and intensities for different benefits. Lower intensity exercises are not designed to work the body as hard. As a result less oxygen is needed and less waste is in excess. However even low intensity exercises require more substances to be carried out than if your body was in its resting state. Therefore different concentrations of substances are required for different intensities of exercise. In effect this affects your heart and breathing rate. (Jones & Jones, 1984) (Ross, 1978) Null Hypothesis: Exercise has no effect on the heart rate or breathing rate. The overall rate of the heart and breathing increases during exercise. The heart beats faster, allowing blood to supply substances required by the cells to respire. Oxygen is needed to replace the oxygen used up in respiring cells, while at the same time the cells produce carbon dioxide that needs to be removed from the body. The heart rate increases to pump blood around the body quicker, ensuring oxygen is constantly dissociating from the blood to the cells. At the same time the breathing rate increases to increase the rate of gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and remove excess waste from the body as soon as possible. (Jones & Jones, 1984) (Ross, 1978) â€Å"Exercise, although essential both for early, sudden muscle contraction ( a few minutes ) and for prolonged, sustained exercise, muscle food stores are not enough. The contracting muscle must also take up glucose from the blood.† (Ross, 1978, p. 705) â€Å"Aerobic exercises improve lung capacity. Exercising muscles need extra oxygen, which is supplied to them by breathing faster and more deeply. If you regularly do exercise which make your muscles demand extra oxygen, called aerobic exercise, this helps your respiratory system to become efficient at getting oxygen into your blood.† (Jones and Jones, 1984, p. 279). Risk assessment: Chemical/Procedure| Hazard| Precaution| * Stepping off and on exercise step| * Slipping off step| * Dry shoes * Appropriate support| * Exercising| * Pulling muscles * Feinting/Blackout * Spraining ankles| * Appropriate stretching before exercise * Supervised by professional * Don’t force ankles onto the surfaces * Try to be light on the feet| * Wide breadths of movement| * Inflicting contact on others| * Suitable space for procedure| Variables: Constant Variables * Exercise step * Number of steps taken * Resting period * People recording pulse and breathing rate * Temperature of room Independent Variables * Exercise Dependent Variables * Heart rate * Breathing rate Method: 1. Record the pulse (preferably from the wrist) for 30 seconds of the person participating before exercise. 2. Double the number of pulses – this gives an estimate of the heart beats per minute 3. Place hand on the lower back of the person participating before the exercise and count the number of times the person inhales and exhales in 30 seconds then double it – this is the breathing rate per minute. 4. These are the heart rate and breathing rate at rest. 5. Explain to the participant the concepts of both exercises: a. Slow 20: Slowly climb onto and off the step for doing 20 steps in total. b. Fast 20: Climb onto and off the step as fast as possible for 20 steps in total. 6. After the participant has done the â€Å"Slow 20† exercise, record the heart rate and breathing rate. 7. Stop the stopwatch and reset 8. Next record the heart rate and breathing rate after the participant has undergone â€Å"Fast 20† exercise – however keep the stopwatch running for an additional three minutes 9. At the end of the three minutes record the heart rate and breathing rates 10. Work out the averages of all the results 11. Plot results in a suitable table Results Table Heart Rate Rest| Slow 20| Fast 20| 3 minute rest| 76| 107| 130| 72| Breathing Rate Rest| Slow 20| Fast 20| 3 minute rest| 18| 23| 33| 20| Analysis As the intensity of exercise increased, so did the rates of the heart and breathing. After a small period of rest, the heart rate and breathing rate both decreased to a point close to their resting rate. This proved the stated hypothesis. First, the hearts average resting rate was recorded to be 76 bpm. The heart is therefore transporting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide at a reasonably steady rate via the blood. During the low intensity exercise (Slow 20) the heart rate increases to 107 bpm, which further increases to 130bpm at a higher intensity level (Fast 20). The heart therefore needs to beat faster to increase the speed at which oxygen is carried to the cells and the rate at which carbon dioxide is taken away by the blood. Oxygen is required by the cells to carry out respiration, this provides the energy in the form of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) which is a molecule required for muscular contraction. As exercise takes place, oxygen is used to form ATP, which needs to be replaced. Carbon dioxide is also built up in the same cells due to muscle contraction, and this excess COâ‚‚ needs to be removed. The breathing rate increases to increase the gaseous exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is breathed in through the atmosphere and diffuses into the thin walls of the alveoli, which then diffuses into the blood along the capillaries. The blood then passes the respiring cells and the oxygen it contains diffuses into the cells. At the same time, the excess COâ‚‚ diffuses from the respiring cells into the blood, along through to the alveoli and is breathed out. This maintains equilibrium in the body of oxygen and carbon dioxide. â€Å"To create energy for physical efforts lasting more than 1 minute, muscles need oxygen. The harder your muscles work, the more energy they need and the more you must suck wind to supply them with oxygen. Also, the more oxygen your muscles use to create energy, the more waste (carbon dioxide) they produce. Exhaling expels this carbon dioxide from your system.† (Why Does Exercise Increase Heart Rate And Breathing Rate?, 2012) â€Å"Blood is the vehicle that delivers oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide waste from the working muscles. To deliver more oxygen and remove more waste products, the heart pumps more blood. According to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), at lower intensities (up to 50% of your maximum cardiac output) your heart can meet the increased oxygen demand by increasing both heart rate and stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped with each beat). However, beyond 50% of cardiac output, increasing your heart rate in proportion with your effort is your body’s only way to deliver more oxygen to the muscles.† (Why Does Exercise Increase Heart Rate And Breathing Rate?, 2012) Graph Evaluation The experiment was good enough to gain results as the results were those predicted by the hypothesis. The experiment was carried out by five people at random in terms of height and weight, the individual weights were taken and the average result were used as the final result – results used to be plotted onto the graph. The combination of random sampling and number of repeats increases the experiments reliability as it tries to keep the results obtained as much due to chance as possible. Also, because the results were predicted by the hypothesis it suggests that this data can be used to find out what was being looked for – the effects of exercise on the heart and breathing rates. Validity is therefore increased, adding more support for the experiment to be a suitable method for finding effects of exercise on the heart and breathing rates. No anomalous results were found, the results followed the predicted trend, the reason for this result could be due to the nature of the body and how it counter reacts with the external influences on the tissues and organs. The secretion and inhibition of certain substances are essential for the body to sustain itself in a stable state during the effects of exercise. Improvements I would improve this experiment by using more accurate equipment to improve the accuracy of the overall experiment. I would run repeats to see if my results complimented each other to increase the reliability. The difference is I would run the experiment in the same way which may differ from other people’s subjective habits. More accurate equipment could have been used to improve the accuracy of the overall experiment. The heart rate is measured by finding the pulse of the body, a more precise method of determining pulse involves the use of an electrocardiograph, or ECG (also abbreviated EKG). Commercial heart rate monitors are also available, consisting of a chest strap with electrodes. The signal is transmitted to a wrist receiver for display. Heart rate monitors allow accurate measurements to be taken continuously. (Heart Rate, 2012) The breathing rate can be measured over a full period of 60 seconds to get more accurate results. Repeats using the improvements to accuracy of finding the heart and breathing rates would yield more reliable results. The exercise itself is very subjective to each person. Their interpretation of slow could be different to other people, which would affect the time it takes each individual person to take twenty steps. The exercise could then be controlled by suggesting a method to keep generalise the types of speed people would undergo during the exercise. For example, people could use counting as a reference point for when they should stand onto or off the exercise step. Bibliography * Jones, M. And Jones, G. 1984. Biology: The Press Syndicate * Ross, G. 1978. Human Physiology: Year Book Medical Publishers * Why Does Exercise Increase Heart Rate And Breathing Rate? (2012)Breathing Rate & Heart Rate [Online] Available at: http://www.livestrong.com/article/109267-exercise-increase-heart-rate-breathing-rate/ (Accessed: 15 November 2012) * Heart Rate (2012) Measurement [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate (Accessed: 16 November 2012)

Mt459: Consumer Behavior Unit 3 Assignment

Do you think that it was a good segmentation for M&M’s to develop a new version targeting adults? In observing how M&M’s have changed over time from the addition of peanut butter and almonds to the changing of colors and sizes I think that was a great segmentation strategy to develop a new version targeting adults. The new line of M&M’s is 55 percent larger in size and they come in colors that are appealing to adults in its design (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2007).According to spokeswoman Joan Buyce of Masterfoods USA this creation is designed with adults in mind and â€Å"It broadens our portfolio so there's something for everyone† (M&M's get mega-sized, 2012, p. 1). Buyce also states that the new M&M's are available in milk chocolate as well as peanut varieties and come with an adult-oriented color scheme which includes teal, beige, gold, maroon, brown and blue-gray (M&M's get mega-sized, 2012).Due to the new line of M&M’s including aspects that target ad ults I think that it is a great segmentation strategy because appealing aspects are included in the development of the new version. Discuss three basic types of research of design (exploratory, descriptive and casual). The three basic types of designs are exploratory, descriptive and casual research. In the explorative research there is systematic and flexible and allows the researcher to investigate desires (Marketing Research Design, 2012).Explorative research is also most commonly unstructured, informal research that is undertaken to gain background information about the general nature of the research problem (Marketing Research Design, 2012). While descriptive research describes and measure marketing phenomena at a point in time (Marketing Research Design, 2012). This type of research is classified as a cross sectional study, because it is a one-time measurement, which is established in market research, outnumbering longitudinal studies and casual studies (Marketing Research Des ign, 2012).Casual research is performed to determine causality or to make â€Å"if-then† statements (Marketing Research Design, 2012, p. 1). This type of research uses one or more independent variables as well as the guidance of addition intervening variables (Marketing Research Design, 2012). The exploratory, descriptive and casual research mechanisms include different variables, features and methods that can be implemented in designs to make the outcomes both profitable and successful. Discuss use of research design for each method.Uses of exploratory, descriptive and casual research can be implemented in many different methods. Explorative research design is utilized to gain background information when the problem has not been clearly formulated (Marketing Research Design, 2012). This type of research is also used to define terms and concepts in addition to clarifying problems and hypotheses which allows the researcher to define the problem more precisely and to generate a hypothesis for the upcoming study (Marketing Research Design, 2012).Establishing research priorities is also used in exploratory research to prioritize research topics in order of importance, especially when it is faced with conducting several research studies (Marketing Research Design, 2012). While the uses of descriptive research is an experiment because it is defined as manipulating an independent variable to see how it affects a dependent variable, while also controlling the effects of additional extraneous variables (Marketing Research Design, 2012).The types of experiments that are utilized in description research are laboratory and field experiments in addition to test marketing (Marketing Research Design, 2012). Casual research is used to measure what impact a specific change will have on the existing norms and allows market researchers to predict hypothetical scenarios (Marketing Research Design, 2012). Methods that are used in casual research design are scientific and co ntrolled experimentation, or cause and effect experiments which it ensures that any difference in the outcome is due to different treatments of the variable under the study (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2007).When implementing uses of exploratory, descriptive and casual research it is important to utilize the appropriate method for the classification of research in order to receive successful results. Differentiate appropriate research design methods to use in consumer habits analysis. The appropriate research design methods are used in consumer habits analysis to understand which variables are the cause and which variables are the effect the aspects. This process is performed to determine the nature of the relationship between the causal variables, the effect to be predicted, and methods that are used (Perner, 2010).Businesses study how the consumers feel and think about options that are available about different products or brands which are consumer habits to enhance their market strategy ( Perner, 2010). The market research is necessary to ensure that we provide the desires of the customer and not our desires for the customer (Perner, 2010). There are two research design methods to analyze consumer behavior which are the primary and secondary research methods (Perner, 2010). Primary research is called research at first hand because it is the research that is designed and conducted by you (Perner, 2010).Secondary research is the research that is driven from previous information which is considered to be a by- product of primary research (Perner, 2010). This type of research involves using information that other people have already formulated (Perner, 2010). Overall, the difference between the types of research is that primary research is driven by collecting original information while secondary research is a finished product that is developed from primary research. ? ReferencesM&M's get mega-sized. (2012). Cable News Network. Retrieved from http://money. cnn. com/2005/ 08/04/news/funny/m_and_ms/ Marketing Research Design. (2012). SlideShare Inc. Retrieved from: http://www. slideshare. net/nbairstow/marketing-research-design Perner, L. (2010). Consumer Behavior: The Psychology of Marketing. Lars Perner. Retrieved from: http://www. consumerpsychologist. com/ Schiffman, L. & Kanuk, L. (2007). Consumer Behavior 9th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education, Inc.

Pricing Strategy - LiveFace Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pricing Strategy - LiveFace - Assignment Example Pricing policy is informed by factors such as corporate objective, market demand, government policies, costs, micro and industry barriers and reactions from competitors (Saxena, 2009). There are a number of pricing strategies used by firms around the world some which could be suitable options for Blue Team Focus Company. To start with, the differential pricing strategy is where a firm charges different prices on its product in different market segments mainly because of different social economic statuses of the target markets. This strategy could be an option for the Live Face product. Blue Team can also adopt the geographical pricing strategy which seeks to maximize on the economies of scale by charging lower prices on the product in some areas compared to those charged by competitors (Saxena, 2009). The company could also explore the penetration strategy where it introduces the product with a lower price and increases it gradually based on demand of the product and market

Safety and Risk of Nitrous Dioxide during Labor Literature review

Safety and Risk of Nitrous Dioxide during Labor - Literature review Example Nitrous Oxide is a chemical compound with the formula N ­2O and is an oxide of Nitrogen. This gas is commonly referred to as ‘sweet air’ or ‘laughing gas.’ Inhaling it has a euphoric effect, and this was the motivation behind its use as an analgesia. Since the inception of N ­2 ­Ã‚ ­O analgesia use in the management of pain during labor, studies have been conducted to ascertain the various effects it has, other than the analgesic property.   In the United States, the reported use of N ­2O as a labor analgesia is a minimal 1%. This is the motivation for this review. It is an analysis of the factors that have led to the decreased, to almost nil use of N ­2O analgesia during labor. When used in high doses, N ­2O is a weak anesthetic but, in low doses, it is an analgesic. The low dose use of N ­2O is achieved by using it in 50/50 combination with oxygen gas. When the50% N ­2O is in Oxygen, the mixture is referred to as Entonox. Concerns that have been advanced are in relation to the effect that Entonox has on labor, and birth. Studies have also indicated that N ­2O analgesia during labor affects breastfeeding and the wellbeing of both mother and neonate. There are also possible occupational risks that this method presents to persons who care for mothers during labor. Reviews on the occupational risks and the safety of N ­2O labor analgesia have also been carried out. It is essential for a nurse to be well aware of the risks linked to this method in order to practice safety precaution. This knowledge also makes it possible for the nurse to provide the mother with proper care during labor. The use of N ­2O was recommended earlier, due to its low blood-gas solubility coefficient. The value of 0.47 is indicative of its ability to rapidly equilibrate with blood. When used during labor to manage pain, N ­2O is used intermittently, targeting the peak pain during contractions. The parturient can be trained on how to effectively time peak contraction pain. To attain the near-maximum effect of Entonox, approximately ten breaths are required. The intermittent use ensures that there is a minimal accumulation of N ­2O in blood during, and after use.