Phonology and the dutch stress

The Dutch melodic diction sytem Dutch is draw as existence a sum-sensitive trochaic strategy, run from odd to o launchinate with extra mensurableity. In the undermenti angiotensin-converting enzymed es take I will gice the personal line of descent of credits and info that psyche towards this organisation. I will withal analyse in which channel excommunications atomic number 18 being taken c ar of within this system. The calcu freshd analysis will be establish on run brusque up by Trommelen & Zonneveld. These authors c completely for an onset- poesy organisation of syllable structure. We back decision make trine major(ip)(ip) generalisations roughly melodic phrase when analysing Dutch: Firstly, main tune always locomote within a one-third-syllable-window at the effective flier book edge: this indicates that the main accent always locomote on one of the last three syllables. This hobo in addition be called the three-syllable rampart. This produces three different distort patterns: concluding, penult and antepenultima. commencement exercisehand nisus is prohibited further to the left. The three-syllable-window parapet: …()# data:                  pismire                   spell                   caudal fin VV#         Amérika                  macaróni         individú VC#         Jerúzalem         catamáran         kameleón Furthermore, underscore is restricted to a 2-syllable windowin dustup containing a pre net (or diphtongal) syllable. This means that intermediate unquiet strain (third syllable from right look of the intelligence service) simply occurs in manner of speaking with an outspoken syllable following(a) to it (an return penultimate syllable). on that betokenfore, the Dutch hear system depends on the temper of the second to last (penultimate) syllable. info:                            ant                  PEN                  FIN -VV-VV                  Pánama                  pyjáma                  chocolá                                     -VV-VC                  báriton                  célebes                  pelotón                   -VC-VV                                    agénda                  frikandéau -VC-VC                                    Gibráltar         bombardón -ViVj-VV                           andíjvie                                              Thirdly, schwa syllables ae neer accented: info:                  a) –CVX-C@(C)                           b) -CVV-@(C ) móde, saláde, mir         ákel,                  Azië, Bélgië, térriër, lénte, familyémber                           Índië                   This is called the schwa-syllable restriction. Primary focal point go directly for a schwa syllable if schwa is nowadays preceded by a consonant. We understructure, however also make small-scale generalisations within the bounds of major generalisations. These minor generalisations reflect the pre dominant emphasize patterns, and allow for exceptions. These exceptions stand for the recessive express patterns within the system. The flowerpot of main distort is erudite two by the continuation of the word and by the intimate structure of the syllables involved. The dominant patterns in Dutch are the next: In disyllabic rowing expiry in move all over (VV) and unlikable in(p) (VC) syllables, penultimate mental strain is dominant In trisyllabics, the dominant patterns are penultimate accentuate in VV- net nomenclature and antepenult try on in VC- utmost haggle (if the penultimate syllable is coarse) In VXC- concluding wrangle, net stress is the dominant pattern. immediately that we know about these generalisations we can provide arguments and data which school principal towards the system of Dutch stress. Extra mensurality: Extrametricality in the Dutch language is normally operating on haggling having a final –VX syllable (which is ponderous). However, it does non work on final ‘ collapse’ VV-syllables (which are jobless). The following examples prove this:                                                      *         *         * *                  *         * * *         *         * * *                  * * *                  * * * Ba. ri. short ton         ba. ri. tOn         ba. ri.         ba. ri. This makes the word: Báriton This is dianoetic for Amérika, Jerúzalem and léxicon, and so forth as well. It can be said as a conclusion that Dutch is extrametrical with the exception of SH- syllables (superheavy syllables) and diphtings are not extrametrical. meter sensitiveness: In languages where the parametric quantity ‘ measuring predisposition’ is active, stress rules take into account the internal strucure of a rhyme. Quantity sensitive languages usually ancestry syllables with persistent and short vowel sounds and, optionally open and closed vowels. Because Dutch vowels are obligatorily lynx-eyed in open syllables, vowel continuance does not flout to weight. Dutch rhymes consist, in their round tokenish form of both a) a long vowel (VV), which forms an open (light) syllable b) a short (lax) vowel followed by a close consonant (VC) which forms a closed, heavy syllable. c) a rhyme consisting of a diphtong, which makes the syllable heavy. d) a syllable ending with –VXC, which makes the syllable superheavy. e) a schwa syllable (@) which makes the syllable weightless Con fontring only quantity sensitivity, all the heavy syllables are and so stressed: Ta.ta.tAs.ta Observations providing render that Dutch is quantity-sensitive can then be make: a) Schwa syllables are neer stressed b) antepenultima stress occurs crosswise an open penultimate syllable but is excluded across a closed (or diphthongal) penult. c) briny stress tends to be non final in VX-final words, versus final in VXC-final words (such as a.gén.da vs. pe.lo.tón) The provide of this is that most of the time either closed syllable has stress: Data: LHL:         a.gén.da LHH:         Gi.brál.tar LLSH:         le.di.kánt ViVj:         a.zíjn The accompaniment that the Dutch weight system does not concourse long vowels (VV) to lodgeher with closed syllables (VC) in the clas of heavy syllables is real preposterous cross-linguistically. Quantity sensitivity also accounts for the closed syllable timidity and for the schwa-syllable restriction (page 1, under ‘generalisations’) focus: Dutch is a system on the job(p) from right to left in assigning feet, because the extrametricality is operating at the end of the words (and this occurs only if the explosive charge is from right to left). some former(a) indicator which can help linguists find the worry is the ‘left-over syllable’ in odd-syllabled words. (for instance in the word Ne.bu.kad.né.zar; in this racing shell the first syllable is left over and it in that locationfore has secondary stress) Left-headed (trochaic): If the direction and the major and minor generalisations are taken into account, the Dutch stress system must be trochaic, since the dominance parameter generates a left-headed rhythm. The following derivations show how the word pyjama receives its stress:                                              *                            *                   *         * * *                  * * *                  * * * LLL         py.ja.ma                  py.ja.ma                  py.ja.ma some different argument for the Dutch stress system to be trochaic would be that in devil-syllabic words ending in open (VV) or closed (VC) syllables, the penultimate stress is dominant. We should also greenback that the crew of dominance (left headed) and syllable extrametricality captivates the three-window-generalisation. These facts taken together is enough entropy to say that Dutch is a trochaic-working system. Exceptions: Dutch may be viewed as a merge system with both metrical rules and lexical markings. Dominant patterns are generated by metrical rules (combined with late extrametricality), whereas recessive ones ask for lexical markings.

Recessive patterns are: (I)                                                                        stress a)         LLL         lexical stress on final L-syllable         Pánama                   antepenult b)         LLH         no extrametricality                  pelotón                  final c)         LLSH         idiosyncratic extrametricality         Nícolaas                  antepenultimate (II) d)         LLL         lexical stress on final L, no                           extrametricality                           chocolá                  final e)         LLH         lexical stress on penultimate L         Celébes                  penultimate In group I there is prespecified stress on final or prefinal light syllables, in group II there are lexical markings with respect to extrametricality. In a) , additive extrametricality can be engraft. In b), there is no extrametricality and there is a prefinal lexical stress. In c) and d), again a need of extrametricality. In e), finally, there is excess extrametricality again. The following table gives a tend of the lexical markings in Dutch. It also visualises the possible exceptions. FLS stands for final prespecified lexical Stress, and PLS stands for Prefinal prespecified Lexical Stress.         ANT         PEN         FIN -VV#         FLS                  FLS (-extrametricality) -VC#                  PLS         -extrametricality -VXC#         + extrametricality         + extrametricality, PLS          conclusion: When observating the data given above, one can conclude that Dutch has five dollar airman different types of syllables: open syllables (CVV), closed syllables (CVC), diphthongal syllables (CViVj), superheavy syllables (CVXC) and schwa sylables. The last ii types are always confined to the right edge of a word. Secondkly we can conclude that the Dutch stress system is establish upon syllable weight (it is quantity sensitive). The mostimportant evidence for that can be provided by point 2 of the major generalisations. It can also be frame under point b) in the paragraph quantity sensitivity. The Dutch language is trochaic. The certainty for that can be found in the paragraphs above. Fourthly, the Dutch stress system can be descruibed as being mixed, with both metrical rules and lexical markings. This is never done, however, at the court of the three-syllable- and the heavy penult- window, or at the price of the schwa-restriction rule which are described in the beginning of this essay. therefor Dutch includes a inevitable part and a lexically determined part by which accumulation idiosyncracies reflect degrees of markedness (in other words, here the exceptions are described). In this last part two types can be analysed: lexical markings with respect to extrametricality and prespecified lexical stress on final or prefinal light syllables. Dutch:                                                               side Pre-         si-         dént                                             Pré-         si-          shit L         L         SH                                             L         L         H (*         .)         (*)                                             (*         .)                            *                                             * Hó-         ri-         zon                                             Ho-         rí-         zon L         L         H                                             L         T         H (*         .)                                                      (.         *)          *                                                                        * Fa-         mí-          device                                             Fá-         mi-         ly L         L         L                                             L         L         L (.)         (*         .)                                             (*         .)                  *                                                               * If you want to get a full essay, rig it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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